Nanoengineering Catalysts for Biorefining

Karen Wilson^a,*

^aSchool of Environment & Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia.

^*Corresponding author: karen.wilson6@griffith.edu.au; k.wilson1971@gmail.com

Abstract

The quest for sustainable technologies to meet the food, energy and material challenges of this century is a key driver for the design of next-generation catalysts and industrial chemical processes. Control over the rate and pathway of associated chemical transformations represents the Holy Grail for catalysis. The rational design of heterogeneous catalysts with optimal performance heavily relies on a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular interactions and associated reactions at solid surfaces, for which in situ and operando studies can offer unparalleled insight. 

The design of new heterogeneous catalysts tailored to meet the increasingly stringent demands of sustainable processes requires consideration of both the macroscopic physico-chemical properties of new materials, and a microscopic understanding of the fundamental interactions between the catalyst surface and the reactants/products. This presentation will highlight how advances in inorganic synthesis, underpinned by nanoscale materials visualisation and molecular level insight into dynamic surface chemistry probed through in-situ time-resolved spectroscopies can unlock new high-performance catalysts. A particular focus will be how nanoengineering support architecture and nanoparticle morphology can overcome the scientific and engineering barriers to the conversion of sustainable feedstocks to platform chemicals,^{[i], [ii], [iii]} and monomers for renewable polymers.[iv]

Keywords: Biorefining; Operando spectroscopy; Catalysis; Sustainable Chemistry

Fig. 1 In-situ XAS reveals how Au/LDH catalysts used for the synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid evolve during thermal processing. 

References

[i]. Osatiashtiani, A.; Lee, A.F.; Brown, D.R.; Melero, J.A.; Morales G.; Wilson, K. Cat. Sci. Tech. 2014, 4, 333

[ii]. Merenda, A.; Orr, S.A.; Liu, Y.; Hernández Garcia, B.; Osatiashtiani, A.; Morales, G.; Paniagua, M.; Melero, J.A.; Lee, A.F.; Wilson, K. ChemCatChem, 2023, e202201224

[iii]. Liu, Y.; Forster, L.; Mavridis, A.; Merenda, A.; Ahmed, M.; D'agostino, C.; Konarova, M.; Seeber, A.; Della Gaspera, E.; Lee, A.F.; Wilson, K. ChemSusChem, 2024, e202401494.

[iv]. Ardemani, L.; Cibin, G.; Dent, A. J.; Isaacs, M. A.; Kyriakou, G.; Lee, A. F.; Parlett, C. M.; Parry, S. A.; Wilson, K. Chemical Science 2015, 6, 4940

Probing Free Energy in Reactions by THz Spectroscopy – Ask The Water!

Martina Havenith

Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany

^*Corresponding author: martina.havenith@rub.de

Abstract

Exploring the unique role of water for life is one of the top future challenges in chemistry. Whether fast protein motion and solvent dynamics are correlated at the very heart of enzymatic reactions is still under heated debate. The underlying molecular mechanism of enthalpy-entropy (H/S) compensation in protein-ligand binding remains controversial. Systematic studies under steady state conditions revealed that differences in the structure and thermodynamic properties of the waters surrounding the bound ligands are an important contributor to the observed H/S compensation. These hydration free energies are dictated by a subtle balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. Calorimetry served as a powerful biophysical tool by measuring changes in thermodynamic state variables, but it is restricted to measurements in equilibrium and in macroscopic samples. THz calorimetry is a novel spectroscopic approach, which allows to deduce hydration free entropy and enthalpy based on spectroscopic observables. Thereby, we can probe reach time resolutions of up to picoseconds and probe inhomogeneous samples. By probing the low frequency range which is most sensitive to the intermolecular interactions (100–600 cm−1), we established a direct correlation between spectroscopic observables and local contributions to the solvation free energy. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) describes the reversible compartmentalization of protein solutions into a protein-rich and a dilute phase; the former one being a local hotspot for neurotoxic aggregation in case of Alzheimer or Huntington disease. Using THz calorimetry, we observe how LLPS can be tuned by changes in hydration entropy and enthalpy. This allows to unravel two underlying molecular mechanism, which drive this process: The release of “Cavity-wrap” water hydrating hydrophobic patches during LLPS yielding an increase in entropy. In contrast, “Bound” water hydrating hydrophilic patches is retained. This process is enthalpically favorable. Both contributions favor protein aggregation in liquid droplets. A fundamental understanding of these processes is a prerequisite for tuning of LLPS.

Keywords: THz spectroscopy, THz calorimetry, Water, Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS)

References

1.   S. Pezzotti, F. Sebastiani, E.P. van Dam, S. Ramos, V. Conti Nibali, G. Schwaab, M. Havenith, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e20220389.

2.   S. Pezzotti, B. König, S. Ramos, G. Schwaab, M. Havenith, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2023, 14, 1556–1563.

3.   S. Pezzotti, W. Chen, F. Novelli, X. Yu, C. Hoberg, M. Havenith, Nat. Rev. Chem., 2025, accepted.

Are Plastic Wonder Materials or a Curse on Ecology and Human Life?

Suresh Valiyaveettil

Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117548

*Corresponding author: chmsv@nus.edu.sg

Abstract

Plastic materials made from a wide range of polymers are used in almost every aspect of our day-today life. However, the linear synthetic strategy used for preparing common polymers only involves ease of production, high stability and processability with no circularity or sustainability. Large amounts of different polymers are produced and processed annually, but used polymer-based objects are difficult to recycle or reuse for multiple practical reasons. As a result, significant amounts of used plastic materials end up in the environment. Such plastic wastes in the environment undergo slow degradation and release small particles called micro- and nanoplastic particles. Even though, many studies pointed out the toxicity of additive chemicals such as phthalates and bisphenol A, present in plastics, only limited knowledge exists on the adverse impact of plastic particles on the health of terrestrial or aquatic animals. To address the plastic waste issues, a few groups are working on developing sustainable polymers to replace synthetic ones. We focus on understanding the biological impact of plastic particles using animal and human cellular models. Our results indicate that toxicity or adverse health impact of the nanoparticles of common polymers depends on the choice of animal models and the chemical nature of the polymers used. In a comparative study, fluorescent polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polyvinylchloride (PVC) nanoparticles were used to explore the uptake, translocation, and toxicity in various biological models. PVC nanoparticles caused high mortalities in different animal and cellular models. The talk will provide some of our recent results and challenges in this area.  

Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reactions with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Pincer Ligands

Pierre Braunstein^a*

^aUniversity of Strasbourg – CNRS, Institute of Chemistry, 67081 Strasbourg (France)

*Corresponding author: braunstein@unistra.fr

Abstract

The reactivity of organometallic complexes and of homogeneous metal-based catalysts largely depends on the control of the metal coordination sphere exerted by the ligands. This accounts for the growing interest in multifunctional ligands, particularly with chemically different donor functionalities and / or constrained geometries.¹ N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands (Figure 1), bearing additional donor groups with significantly different stereoelectronic properties, are ideal candidates for studying the chemoselectivity of their coordination to metal centres and its impact on the reactivity of the corresponding metal complexes.² Furthermore, NHC donors can be introduced in pincer-type structures (Figure 2),³ and unexpected reactivity of C–H and C– P bonds have been observed with Ni and Pd complexes bearing N^imineC^NHCN^imine or PC^NHCP pincer ligands.^4,5 

Figure 1. Typical structure of a N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligand 

Figure 2. Generic structure of a pincer complex with a NHC donor in the bridgehead position.³ 

Keywords: Organometallic Reactivity, Functional Ligands, N-Heterocyclic Carbenes, Transition Metal Pincer Complexes, Bond Activation

References

1. See e.g. (a) C. Fliedel, A. Ghisolfi, P. Braunstein, Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 9237; (c) T. Agapie,Coord. Chem. Rev. 2011, 255, 861; (d) C. Bariashir, C. Huang, G. A. Solan, W.-H. Sun, Coord.Chem. Rev. 2019, 385, 208; (e) O. L. Sydora, Organometallics 2019, 38, 997; (f) A. A.Danopoulos, T. Simler, P. Braunstein, Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 3730; (g) P. Ai, A. A. Danopoulos,P. Braunstein, Inorg. Chem. 2015, 54, 3722; (i) P. Ai, M. Mauro, C. Gourlaouen, S. Carrara, L.De Cola, Y. Tobon, U. Giovanella, C. Botta, A. A. Danopoulos, P. Braunstein, Inorg. Chem 2016, 55, 8527.

2. See e.g. (a) S. Hameury, P. de Frémont, P. Braunstein, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 632; (b) V.Charra, P. de Frémont, P. Braunstein, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2017, 341, 53; (c) H. V. Huynh, The Organometallic Chemistry of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2017; (d) A. A. Danopoulos, T. Simler, P. Braunstein, Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 3730–3961; (e) T. Simler, A. A.Danopoulos, P. Braunstein, N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Cobalt, in: G. Parkin, K. Meyer, D. O’Hare (eds.) Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry IV. 2022, vol. 7, pp. 632–758, Kidlington, UK: Elsevier; (f) I. Ligielli, A. A. Danopoulos, P. Braunstein, T. Simler, NHeterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Nickel, ibid. vol. 8, pp. 427–574.

3. F. He, K. P. Zois, D. Tzeli, A. A. Danopoulos, P. Braunstein, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024, 514,215757

4. X. Ren, C. Gourlaouen, M. Wesolek, P. Braunstein, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 12557.

5. F. He, C. Gourlaouen, H. Pang, P. Braunstein, Chem. Eur. J. 2022, 28, e202104234; F. He, C.Gourlaouen, H. Pang, P. Braunstein, Chem. Eur. J. 2022, 28, e202200507.

Visible-Emitting Rare Earth Complexes for Sensing and Solar Energy Conversion

Lidia Armelao^a,b

^aDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy

^bDepartment of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technology, National Research Council (CNR),

Piazzale A. Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy

*Corresponding author: lidia.armelao@unipd.it

Abstract

Complexes of rare-earth ions (RE³⁺) represent a vast source and a promising approach for the development of luminescent functional materials. To fully exploit their properties, it is necessary to develop versatile synthetic protocols, investigate in detail the correlations between different molecular fragments, emission, and functional properties. Furthermore, it is crucial to develop synthetic approaches that enable the processability of luminescent complexes to achieve materials and devices that maintain or even enhance the functional properties. In this context, we have focused on β-diketonate complexes as a platform for our research. They are a well-known and extensively studied class of complexes commonly used to sensitize the luminescence of RE³⁺ ions via the so-called antenna effect. The spectroscopic properties of β-diketonates can be modulated by varying the nature of the R,R' substituent groups and the ancillary ligands that complete the coordination sphere of the cation.¹ Moreover, through appropriate functionalization, it is possible to modulate the number, type, and relative position of the binding sites in the ligands, thus controlling the number and spatial organization of the RE³⁺ cations in the complex.^2,3 This modulation allows obtaining monometallic complexes, dimers, oligomers, and even extended structures such as coordination polymers or MOFs. In addition to multinuclear complexes containing only -4f ions, a careful choice of the binding sites on the ancillary ligands allows the preparation of heterometallic systems containing -4f and -d or -p block cations,⁴ thus expanding the possibilities for optimizing and improving the functional properties. Following this synthesis strategy, we used luminescent complexes of Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺ to develop molecular thermometers and for the sensing of small chiral molecules. By integrating the complexes into polymeric matrices we obtained highly luminescent and transparent materials employed for the development of solar energy conversion devices.^5,6 

Keywords: Rare earth luminescence, molecular thermometers, luminescent solar concentrators

References

1. Bellucci, L.; Bottaro, G.; Labella, L.; Causin, V.; Marchetti, F.; Samaritani, S.; Belli Dell'Amico, D.; Armelao L. Inorg. Chem. 2020, 59, 18156 – 18167.
2. Rancan, M.; Tessarolo, J.; Carlotto, A.; Carlotto, S.; Rando, M.; Barchi, L.; Bolognesi, E.;Seraglia, R.; Bottaro, G.; Casarin, M.; Clever, G.H.; Armelao L. Cell Reports Physical Science 2022, 3, 100692.
3. Bellucci, L.; L. Fioravanti, Armelao L.; Bottaro, G.; Marchetti, F.; Pineider, F.; Poneti, G.;Samaritani, S.; Labella L. Chemistry - A European Journal 2023, 29, e2022028.
4. Bellucci, L.; Carlotto, S.; Bottaro, G.; Babetto, L.; Labella, L.; Gallo, E.; Marchetti, F.;Samaritani, S.; Armelao, L. iScience 2023, 26, 106614.
5. Motta, I.; Bottaro, G.; Rando, M.; Rancan, M.; Seraglia, R.; Armelao L. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 22516 - 22527.
6. Pelle, M.; Motta, I.; Gonnella, G.; Dessì, A.; Armelao, L.; Bottaro, G.; Calamante, M.; Mordini, A.; Moser D. Sol. RRL 2025, 9, 2400570.

Control of Excited States, Nanostructures and Functions Through Molecular Design and Supramolecular Assembly

Vivian Wing-Wah YAM^a,*

^aInstitute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry,

The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China

*Corresponding author: wwyam@hku.hk

Abstract

Works in our laboratory have shown that novel classes of light-absorbing and luminescent metalcontaining molecular materials could be assembled through the use of various metal-ligand chromophoric motifs. In this presentation, various design and synthetic strategies for new classes of chromophoric and luminescent metal complexes will be described. A number of these metal-ligand chromophoric complexes have been shown to display rich luminescence and photofunctional behavior.¹ The chromophoric and luminescence behavior have been studied. Correlations of the chromophoric and luminescence behavior with the electronic and structural effects of the metal complexes have been made to elucidate their spectroscopic origins. Some of these simple discrete metal complexes are found to undergo supramolecular self-assembly^1-5 or co-assembly^1,6,7 with block copolymers to give a variety of nanostructures and morphologies with different colors and emission properties. Subtle changes in the microenvironment, conformations and nanostructured morphologies have led to drastic changes in both the electronic absorption and emission properties of these hierarchical supramolecular assemblies.^1-7 Explorations into the underlying factors that determine their spectroscopic properties and morphologies as well as their assembly processes have provided new insights into the understanding of their photophysics, structure-property-function relationships, and the interplay of the various intermolecular forces and interactions for the directed assembly of metal-containing supramolecular assemblies and soft materials.^1-7 Manipulation of the electronic effects, molecular conformation, orientation and assembly has led to the control of the excited states in novel molecular materials and supramolecular assemblies.^1,3-7 The exploration into the potential applications and functions of these light-emitting discrete metal complexes, supramolecular assemblies and polymers will also be described.

Keywords: Supramolecular Assembly; Luminescence; Metal-Containing Functional Materials

References

1. Chan, M. H.-Y.; Yam, V. W.-W. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 22805-22825.
2. Poon, J. K.-L.; Chen, Z.; Leung, S. Y.-L.; Leung, M.-Y.; Yam, V. W.-W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, 2021, 118, e2022829118.
3. Wong, E. K.-H.; Chan, M. H.-Y.; Tang, W. K.; Leung, M.-Y.; Yam, V. W.-W. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 5424-5434.
4. Wang, H.-Z.; Chan, M. H.-Y.; Chen, Z.; Chen, Z.-Y.; Leung, M.-Y.; Yam, V. W.-W. Chem, 2023, 9, 3573-3587.
5. Chen, Z.; Chan, A. K.-W.; Wong, V. C.-H.; Yam, V. W.-W. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141, 11204-11211.
6. Zhang, K.; Yeung, M. C.-L.; Leung, S. Y.-L.; Yam, V. W.-W. Chem, 2017, 2, 825-839.
7. Geng, Z.; Chiu, P. L.-Y.; Chan, M. H.-Y.; Yam, V. W.-W. Chem, 2024, 10, 1225-1239.

Perovskite Barium Tantalum Oxynitride: From Materials Synthesis to Solar Water Splitting

Mirabbos Hojamberdiev^*

Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark

^*Corresponding author: mirabbos@mci.sdu.dk

Abstract

Although hydrogen is a zero-emission energy carrier, its current global production still heavily relies on fossil fuels. Current momentum on renewable energy and environmental remediation is unprecedented because of fast climate change. We all know the world is hurrying to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. One of the important SDGs is Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy. As a replica of natural photosynthesis, a semiconductor-based artificial photosynthetic system is regarded as one of the most economically viable, highly efficient, and environmentally benign chemical processes to generate green hydrogen energy from solar water splitting. However, to harness solar energy efficiently, it is necessary to enhance the visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance of the existing materials and to discover novel visible-light-active materials. Mixed-anion compounds offer new opportunities in this regard [1]. As a 600 nm-class photocatalyst, BaTaO₂N has received particular attention due to its small bandgap (E_g = 1.8 eV), suitable band edge positions for visible-light-induced water splitting, chemical stability, and nontoxicity [2,3]. BaTaO₂N is routinely synthesized by a two-step method: (i) the synthesis of a corresponding oxide precursor and (ii) its high-temperature nitridation under an NH₃ atmosphere for a prolonged period. However, this two-step method leads to the formation of various defects that negatively affect the water-splitting performance. Therefore, we have applied an NH₃-assisted direct flux growth approach to reduce the defect density of BaTaO₂N, engineered the bandgap by cation doping, and explored the effects of the altered morphology, size, and porosity on the visible-light-induced water oxidation activity and photoelectrochemical performance of BaTaO₂N. The findings revealed that the photocatalytic activity and photoelectrochemical performance of BaTaO₂N were significantly influenced by particle morphology, size, porosity, dopant type, and doping amount. Particularly, the BaTaO₂N crystal structures obtained by nitridation of the oxide precursor without KCl flux exhibited a higher surface area and high anodic photocurrents compared to the BaTaO₂N crystal structures obtained by nitridation of the oxide precursor with KCl flux due to the high number of dangling bonds acting as nucleation centers for the highly dispersed CoO_x cocatalyst nanoparticles.

Keywords: Oxynitrides, BaTaO₂N, Water splitting, Green hydrogen, Photocatalysis

References

1.   Kageyama, H.; Hayashi, K.; Maeda, K.; Attfield, J. P.; Hiroi, Z.; Rondinelli, J. M.; Poeppelmeier, K. R. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 772.

2.   Marchand, R.; Pors, F.; Laurent, Y.; Regreny, O.; Lostec, J.; Haussonne, J. M. J. Phys. Colloques 1986, 47, C1-901.

3.   Higashi, M.; Abe, R.; Teramura, K.; Takata, T.; Ohtani, B.; Domen, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2008, 452, 120.

Optimising Pyrochlore Structured Functional Ceramics: Processing Control, Phase Equilibria, Microstructural and Electrical Properties

Kar Ban Tan

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM 43400, Serdang, Selangor

Corresponding author: tankarban@upm.edu.my

Abstract

Precise control of ceramic processing is paramount for optimising product quality, reliability and performance. This control significantly influences the microstructure and resultant mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties of the ceramic materials. Stringent process control not only minimises production costs and ensures environmentally benign manufacturing but also fosters innovation in materials tailored to specific applications, ranging from electronics to structural components. This presentation details the synthesis and characterisation of bismuth-containing pyrochlore systems, focusing on their phase equilibria, crystallo-chemical and dielectric properties. Technical data collected by both spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were utilised to correlate composition, structure and properties of these functional ceramics. Crucially, rigorous optimisation and processing were essential for achieving single-phase pyrochlore synthesis, maintaining thermal equilibrium and preventing bismuth volatilisation. This required exhaustive sample preparation for detailed phase evolution and equilibrium studies prior to construction of ternary phase diagrams, employing comprehensive quantitative and qualitative powder XRD analyses complemented by the disappearing phase method. The phase-pure pyrochlore subsolidus regions, phase compatibilities and phase assemblages between various phases were successfully identified. Consequently, doping mechanisms, utilising different compositional variables, were employed to describe the subsolidus solution areas, ensuring the overall charge electroneutrality of the systems. Furthermore, impedance data, superimposed on the pyrochlore subsolidus solution regions, illustrate the compositional influence on their dielectric properties. In conclusion, these findings provide further insights and broader understanding of various pyrochlore systems and their application in the development of high-performance ceramic capacitors.

Keywords: ceramics, pyrochlores, optimisation, phase equilibria, impedance

Reconstructing Biosynthetic Pathways for Complex Fungal Natural Products

Emily J Parker^a,*, AuthorY^b, AuthorZ^b, AuthorW^c,

^aFerrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington 6140, New Zealand.

^*Corresponding author: emily.parker@vuw.ac.nz

Abstract

Many organisms, including plants and microbes, utilise unique armouries of bioactive compounds provide protection against predators and enable establishment of new ecological niches. Although bioactive compounds are used widely for industrial and pharmaceutical applications their diversity remains largely untapped as many compounds are produced in very low yields and the complexity of their biosynthesis is yet to be fully understood.

The indole diterpenes (IDTs) class of fungal natural products that have attracted widespread interest due to their remarkable chemical diversity and attendant bioactivities, which include anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-cancer and insecticidal properties. By using heterologous expression and employing our new molecular biology tools, we have reconstructed biosynthetic pathway of some unusual and potentially valuable IDTs in an alternative fungal host. Our work has uncovered large natural product compound arrays, allowing access to many known and novel compounds.

Keywords: Indole diterpenes, filamentous fungi, heterologous biosynthesis

References

1. Bundela, R.; Cameron, R. C.; Singh, A. J.; McLellan, R. M.; Richardson, A. T., Berry, D.; Nicholson, M. J., Parker, E. J. (2023) Generation of alternate indole diterpene architectures in two species of aspergilli. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 2754–2758

2. Richardson, A. T.; Cameron, R. C.; Stevenson, L. J.; Singh, A. J.; Lukito, Y.; Berry, D.; Nicholson, M. J.; Parker, E. J. (2022), Biosynthesis of nodulisporic acids: A multifunctional monooxygenase delivers a complex and highly branched array. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 61, e202213364.

3. McLellan, R. M.; Berry, B.; Cameron, R. C.; Parker, E. J. Non-canonical type II Terpene cyclases deliver rare terpenoid architectures (2025) J. Am. Chem. Soc https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c18232.

Phosphine-Stabilized Dicarbon and Its Chemistry

Tiow-Gan Ong^a,*

Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan, Republic of China^a.

*Corresponding author: tgong@gate.sinica.edu.tw

Abstract

Elusive diatomic C₂ has been prepared and structurally characterized as mono-ligated complex L→C₂ using a bulky bis(imidazolidin-2-iminato)methylphosphino ligand L = (NHC^R=N)₂(CH₃)P. The compound is stable in solution at ambient temperature and can even be isolated in the solid state. The reactivity has been investigated with a variety of reactions, suggesting the two lone-pairs residing between two adjacent carbons (C_β and C_α).^[1] The nature of the L→C₂ bond was also studied with quantum chemical methods to understand the nature of bonding. The successful isolation of a stable complex of C₂ ligated by a phosphine offers application in the transition metal coordination chemistry and catalysis.^[2] 

Sustainable Preparation of WHO Essential Medicines

by Mechanochemistry

Evelina Colacino^*

ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France.

^*Corresponding author: evelina.colacino@umontpellier.fr

Abstract

Although there have been efforts to reduce the environmental impact of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) production, the use of organic solvents (responsible for 75% of energy used) is still a critical step in many processes. Solvent-free (or low solvent) synthesis by mechanochemistry^1,2 fulfils several of the 12 Green Chemistry Principles³ and it is a promising sustainable and enabling technology to prepare value-added chemicals and pharmaceutically relevant fragments and functionalities, including APIs.

This presentation highlights case studies for preparing World Health Organization (WHO) essential medicines by mechanochemical processes, at different scales. The assessment by green chemistry metrics⁴ showcases how mechanochemistry can offer an eco-friendly and cost-effective pathway also to green pharmaceuticals, contributing in perspective, ‘to make our planet more sustainable’.⁵

Keywords: Mechanochemistry, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Rearrangements, Green metrics.

References

1.   McNaught, A.D.; Wilkinson, A. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the Gold Book); 2^nd edition; Blackwell Scientific publications, Oxford, 1997.

2.   IUPAC Project: "Terminology and Symbolism for Mechanochemistry" https://iupac.org/project/2023-034-2-100 and Chem. Inter., 2024, 46, 34.

3.   Colacino, E.; Isoni, V.; Crawford, D.; Garcia, F. Trends in Chemistry, 2021, 3, 335-339.

4.   Fantozzi, N.; Volle, J-N.; Porcheddu, A.; Virieux D.; Garcia, F.; Colacino, E. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2023, 52, 6680 – 6714.

5.   Gomollon-Bel, F., Chem. Int. 2019, 12-17.

Developing New Synthetic Methodologies of Dearomatization Reactions

Shu-Li You*

New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai

Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China

*Corresponding author: slyou@sioc.ac.cn

Abstract

Dearomatization reactions are widely recognized as powerful methods for the synthesis of highly functionalized three-dimensional structures from simple planar aromatic compounds. Among those, catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions are very attractive due to the abundance and ready availability of aromatic compounds and the direct access to enantiopure polycycles and spirocycles offered by them. That latter are frequently the key motifs in biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals. However, due to the extra stability of “aromaticity” of the arenes, their dearomatization reactions with good enantioselective control has been a great challenge. In this talk, we present our recent results toward the development of new dearomatization reactions. The dearomatization reactions of indoles, pyrroles, phenols, naphthols, and pyridines have been achieved, affording various highly functionalized heterocycles bearing all-carbon quaternary chiral centers in most of the cases. These results provide not only the efficient synthesis of highly enantioenriched spiroor polycycles, but also a novel concept in synthetic methodology development.

Keywords: Aromatic compounds; asymmetric catalysis; dearomatization; homogenous catalysis; synthetic reaction 

References

1.   You, S.-L. (2016) Asymmetric Dearomatization Reactions, Wiley-VCH.

2.   Tu, H.-F.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, C.; Zhu, M.; You, S.-L. Nature Catal. 2018, 1, 601.

3.   Tu, H.-F.; Yang, P.; Lin, Z.-H.; Zheng, C.; You, S.-L. Nature Chem. 2020, 12, 838.

4.   Jiang, R.; Ding, L.; Zheng, C.; You, S.-L. Science 2021, 371, 380.

5.   Wang, Y.; Zhang, W.-Y.; Yu, Z.-L.; Zheng, C.; You, S.-L. Nature Synth. 2022, 1, 401.

6.   Huang, X.-Y.; Xie, P.-P.; Zou, L.-M.; Zheng, C.; You, S.-L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 11745.

7.   Li, M.-Z.; Huang, X.-L.; Zhang, Z.-Y.; Wang, Z.; Wu, Z.; Yang, H.; Shen, W.-J.; Cheng, Y.-Z.; You, S.-L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 16982.

8.   Yu, X.; Zheng, C.; You, S.-L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 25878.

Chiral Spiro Catalysts for Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones

Qi-Lin Zhou

College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071, China

Email: qlzhou@nankai.edu.cn

Abstract

Chiral catalysts are the key for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis. In last few decades, many chiral catalysts have been developed. However, most of the reported chiral catalysts showed high activity and high enantioselectivity for limited reactions, sometime for only limited substrates. Very few chiral catalysts provided satisfying activity and enantioselectivity for a wide range of mechanistically unrelated reactions. In the last two decades, we have developed a new type of chiral catalysts with a spirobiindane framework. Chiral spiro catalysts exhibited excellent activity and enantioselectivity for wide range of reactions, such as asymmetric hydrogenation, carbon-carbon bond and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. This lecture will present the design and synthesis of chiral spiro catalysts and their applications in the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones.

Keywords: Chiral catalyst; Spiro ligand; Ketone; Asymmetric hydrogenation.

References

1.     Xie, J.-H.; Zhou, Q.-L. Aldrichimica Acta 2015, 48, 33-40.

2.     Zhu, S.-F.; Zhou, Q.-L. Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50, 988-1001.

3.     Zhang, F.-H.; Zhang, F.-J.; Li, M.-L.; Xie, J.-H.; Zhou, Q.-L. Nat. Catal. 2020, 3, 621-627.

4.     Wang, Z.; Yang, X.-Y.; Xu, Y.; Zhou, Q.-L. CCS Chem. 2024, 6, 905-911.

Fasten Robotic Synthesis of Biopolymers by AI Guided Prediction

Laura Russo^a,b

^aUniversità degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Italy.

^bIRCCS Fondazione San Gerardo dei Tintori, Italy

*Corresponding author: laura.russo@unimib.it

Abstract

The synthesis of biomaterials is fundamental for applications in biomedicine, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. In particular, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its glycosignature play crucial roles in cell fate induction, including pathogenesis. The design of biomaterials that replicate the structural and biomolecular complexity of ECM, with particular emphasis of glycosignature, enables the creation of in vitro tissue models that replicate functional and structural features of human tissues [1-3]. The capacity to generate patient specific in vitro tissue models will allow to identify personalized therapeutic treatments. However, the high number of structural and biochemical variables to define and replicate, require the use of AI and the abandonment of artisanal approaches to fasten the research and limit human errors. Automated manufacturing systems and 3D bioprinting, integrated with Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL), can streamline the synthetic process, defining and tuning the structural and biomolecular properties of the construct, including the highly specific glycosignature, to generate the required personalized in vitro 3D tissue model. This talk will present the development of AI-driven tools for the prediction and the automated synthesis of personalized 3D bioprinted tissue models, highlighting their potential to improve efficiency and predictive capabilities in biopolymer fabrication.

Keywords: Biomaterials; Glycocode; AI predictive synthesis, ECM mimics; Cell fate induction. 

Acknowledgment:

Financial support from: Iniziativa “PNC0000003 - “ANTHEM: AdvaNced Technologies for Human-centrEdMedicine”. CUP BICOCCA B53C2200667000; Ministero della Salute, RF-2021-12371959 Tackling immunomodulatory properties of stromal cells to improve therapeutic strategies in lung cancer. MUR PRIN 2022, 2022MY7AZT Dynamic multifunctional hydrogels for glioblastoma therapy (DINGO). 

Quality Assurance in Latex Products Manufacturing:

 What Is Needed for Further Improvement

ENG AIK HWEE

^aK&W Training & Consulting

^*Corresponding author: engaikhwee@gmail.com

Abstract

Manufacturing of latex products such as rubber gloves and condoms requires strong technical knowledge as well as hands-on experience for consistent product quality. Unlike dry rubber, maintaining latex stability and homogeneity, and managing bubbles in coagulant and latex during the production process are some of the typical challenging tasks. In addition, the intra-particle and inter-particle crosslinks, prevulcanisation and post-vulcanisation, and different sulphidic crosslinks could significantly impact the performance of the products such as heat and solvent resistance, as well as tensile properties. Better controls on the quality of incoming raw materials, latex compounding and processing, are expected to help reduce product defects, leading to consistent product quality. On the other hand, insufficient control will cause inconsistent product quality and make troubleshooting difficult. Insufficient control could be the control methods are unavailable, too expensive, too complicated, or unknown to the manufacturers. This paper examines some of the more important parameters that significantly affect the quality of latex products and the corresponding monitoring methods. For important but unavailable or tedious methods, it is hoped that some researchers could help to develop or simplify them for the industry to adopt.

Keywords: Latex products, processing, quality assurance, monitoring methods 

Zero-Waste Close-Loop Biorefinery System for Food and Yard Waste Valorization

Jinhua Mou1,2, Yahui Miao1, Ziyao Liu1, Di Wu1, Jiale Zhu1,3, Sun Zheng3, Xiang Wang4, Peizeng Yang1, Zhenyao Wang1, Shao-Yuan Leu5, Chunbao Xu1, Sze Ki Carol Lin1,*

¹School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong

²College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, China

³College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China

⁴Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China

⁵Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China

*Corresponding author: carollin@cityu.edu.hk

Abstract

According to Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD), approx. 1.2 million ton food waste (FW) and 80 kilo ton yard waste (YW), as two typical organic solid wastes, are generated annually in Hong Kong. In fact, both FW and YW are valuable renewable carbon resources or green alternatives to petroleum for energy and chemical production. However, the majority of these resources in Hong Kong are disposed of as wastes at landfills or by incineration, causing not only fast-depleted landfill spaces, but also secondary pollutions (leachate, CH4 GHG, NOx, and dioxins). Therefore, it is urgent to develop new technologies for the harmless, reduction, and resourceful treatment of organic wastes for bioenergy and high value-added bioproducts, in order to achieve the goal of zero landfill by 2035 & carbon neutrality by 2050 in the Hong Kong and support China’s initiative of promoting the construction of “waste-free cities”. Previous efforts in conversion of biomass or organic solid waste (OSW) often focused primarily on specific target bioproducts, but they often overlooked the potential of valorization of the byproducts generated during the biomass/OSW conversion process. In this talk, we will cover three recent research projects which are related to the development of innovative biorefinery approach for conversion of FY & YW into multiple high value-added bioproducts, namely biobased non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resin and sustainable aviation fuel. The first part of the talk will focus on utilizing the obtained food waste lipids (FWLs) as a promising feedstock for producing a bioplastic: non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resin, potentially aiding in the mitigation of plastic pollution. The objective of is to develop a green and novel production pathway of fully bio-based NIPU resins from FWLs with the incorporation of CO2 fixation. The second part of the talk will focus on the fermentative production of 2,3-butandiol (2,3-BDO) using novel bacterial strains OPS2 and subsequently the iso-alkanes SAF components from the cellulose-rich substrate. Our approach includes: (i) developing a bioconversion protocol for high-titre 2,3-BDO production from the yard waste hydrolysate; (ii) constructing a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using an in-situ fibrous bed bioreactor (isFBB) technique to convert biomass-derived hemicellulose and glucose into 2,3-BDO, aiming to achieve a total yield of over 70%; (iii) upgrading 2,3-BDO into olefin intermediates and then into iso-alkane SAF precursors. The last part of the talk will introduce a recent project on co-hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae biomass and food waste remaining solids. In this study, food waste hydrolysis was conducted using commercial enzymes, and nutrient-rich hydrolysate was used for the mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae Euglena gracilis. The proposed zero-waste production system illustrates promising application in green and sustainable organic waste valorization.

Keywords: Biofuels and chemicals; Microalgae, Polyurethane, Sustainable Aviation Fuel

Innovating Natural Latex: From Scientific Foundations to Sustainable Industrial Applications

Jitladda Sakdapipanich¹*

^aRubber Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,

Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.

*Corresponding author: jitladda.sak@mahidol.ac.th

Abstract

Natural rubber (NR) latex, derived from Hevea brasiliensis, is a critical biomaterial widely utilized in medical, industrial, and consumer applications due to its exceptional elasticity, barrier properties, and biodegradability. However, challenges such as allergenic proteins, batch variability, and environmental sustainability have necessitated extensive research to enhance its usability and industrial performance.

This presentation will delve into recent advancements in latex purification techniques, including deproteinization and saponification, which effectively remove allergenic proteins while maintaining the material’s superior mechanical properties. The discussion will also explore novel strategies in latex stabilization and compounding, which address issues related to protein-induced hypersensitivity reactions and processing inconsistencies. Additionally, the lecture will highlight the role of NR latex in sustainable manufacturing, focusing on green processing technologies, life-cycle assessment, and its alignment with global sustainability frameworks such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

This lecture will integrate polymer science, material engineering, and industrial applications to provide a comprehensive perspective on the transition of NR latex from a conventional raw material to a high-value, sustainable resource. The insights presented will be crucial for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers striving to balance performance optimization with environmental responsibility in NR latex-based product development.

Keywords: Natural Rubber, Latex Purification, Allergen Reduction, Sustainable Manufacturing

Advancements, Modifications, and Trends in Natural Rubber Chemistry: From Molecular Innovations to Practical Applications

Seng Neon Gan

Chemistry Department, University of Malaya

Corresponding author: sngan@um.edu.my

Abstract

Natural rubber, a cis-1,4-polyisoprene biopolymer, has evolved from its ancient Mesoamerican roots into a cornerstone of modern industry¹. The breakthrough of vulcanization reactions had converted NR into a durable material that fuelled the Industrial Revolution. Dry NR is produced by coagulating latex with acid. Major dry rubber products include tyres, belts, hoses and seals. Latex can be preserved for direct manufacturing². Key latex products include dipped goods, foams, coatings, carpet backing, and elastic threads. Chemical modifications of NR had led to changes in properties suitable for new applications³. Degradation of the NR could produce liquid rubbers of lower molecular weight and with reactive terminals⁴, for adhesive and blending with other materials. The 20th century saw strong competition from synthetic polymers, yet NR retained its dominance in critical applications. In the 21st century, scientists have placed more efforts on environmental protections and energy saving techniques that included developing biodegradable composites, and compounds with less toxic accelerators and additives. A notable example is the replacement of carcinogenic aromatic oil in tyre manufacturing with palm oil-based polyester⁵. Another example is the used of silica from rice husk to replace carbon black⁶ as filler. In recent years, rubber glove industry has accounted for more than 50% of NR latex usage. There are two major challenges: (i) protein allergy and (ii) donning problem. One of reported approach to the first problem is by carrying out emulsion polymerization of diethylaminomethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in latex, which results in the grafting of poly(DMAEMA) onto the latex particles, and displacing the allergenic protein⁷. The second problem is due to the surface tackiness of rubber. Several methods have been reported, these include the use of powder, flocking, chlorination, and polymer coating⁸. Through continuous molecular innovations, NR remains indispensable, adapting to global challenges while expanding its application frontier.  

References

1.   Hurley, P. E. History of natural rubber. Journal of Macromolecular Science. 1981. 15(7), 1279-1287.

2.   Edited by Anil K. Bhowmick et.al., Rubber Products Manufacturing Technology, 2018, Marcel Dekker,Inc., New York-Basel.

3.   Phinyocheep P, Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber, 2014, Pages 68-118

4.   Rooshenass P, Yahya R, Gan S N, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2018, 26, 1378-1392

5.   Hattori T, Terakawa T.K., Ichikawa N., Sakaki T., Gan S N and Lee S Y, 2012, United States Patent, US 8,100,157,B2

6.   Bakar, R.A., Yahya, R., Gan, S.N., Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 2016, 89 (3), pp. 465-476

7.   Gananthan V , Lai P F , S.N.Gan , and Gilbert R G, 2010, Malaysia Patent, MY-142012-A

8.    Gi I C Gan S N, Ang D T C, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,2024, 132, 496-506

Advanced Functional Nanocomposites of Natural Rubber and Synthetic Polymers: Bridging Performance and Sustainability

R Daik*, CY Lee, S Bidol, S Adnan, AA Shamsuri, HH Abd-Razak, HG Abdullah, I Abdullah, MH Jumali, I Ahmad

Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor,

^*Corresponding author: rusli.daik@ukm.edu.my

Abstract

The research focuses on nanocomposites of natural rubber (NR) and synthetic polymers, aiming to enhance their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties while promoting sustainability. Liquid natural rubber (LNR) emulsions with molecular weights of 10,000 and 50,000 g/mol were prepared using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as an emulsifier. Emulsion droplet sizes were greater for LNR with higher molecular weight. LNR emulsions with lower molecular weight were more stable, requiring less emulsifier. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/LNR with compositions of 100LDPE/0LNR - 40LDPE/60LNR were created by mixing LDPE and LNR emulsions. The 60LDPE/40LNR composition provided optimal stress and strain values. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed homogeneity in the blends with a consistent glass transition temperature. High-density polyethylene (HDPE)/LNR composites with modified montmorillonite (OMMT) were produced in compositions of 97/3 - 85/15, with 3% and 5% OMMT content. Thermal stability, tensile and impact strength improved with the addition of OMMT. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealed exfoliated structures at lower LNR content and mixed exfoliated-intercalated structures at higher LNR content. Nylon-6/LNR blends, with 2-10% OMMT, achieved improved tensile strength, hardness, and impact resistance at an optimal 85/15 ratio. Polycarbonate PC/LNR/OMMT nanocomposites with 2-10% OMMT exhibited increased thermal stability. Nanocomposites of polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles (11.91-36.25 wt%) in NR/polystyrene (PS) matrix demonstrated conductivities from 1.77×10^-8 - 1.07×10^-4 S/cm. Tensile strength (6.9-12.85 MPa) and Young’s modulus (535-1279 MPa) improved with increasing PPy content. The research highlights how the incorporation of nanomaterials can tailor properties of natural rubber, aligning with industrial sustainability goals.

Keywords: Emulsion blending, low temperature processing, thermal conductivity, heat dissipation

References

1.   Ghalib, H., Abdullah, I. & Daik, R., Electrically Conductive Polystyrene/Polypyrrole Nanocomposites Prepared via Emulsion Polymerization. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering. 2023, 52: 478–484

2.   Ghalib, H., Abdullah, I. & Daik, R., Synthesis of polypyrrole nanoparticles in natural rubber–polystyrene blend via emulsion polymerization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2012, 123:2115-2121

3.   Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri, Rusli Daik, Ishak Ahmad & Mohd Hafizuddin Jumali, Nylon-6/liquid natural rubber blends prepared via emulsion dispersion, Journal of Polymer Research, 2009, 16,381-387

4.   Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri, Rusli Daik, Ishak Ahmad and Mohd Hafizuddin Jumali, Properties And Preparation Of Nylon-6/Liquid Natural Rubber/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Via Emulsion Dispersion, World Journal of Engineering, 2009, 6, 915-918.

5.   Rusli Daik & Yee Lee Ching, Penyediaan Adunan LDPE/LNR Melalui Penyebaran Emulsi, Jurnal Sains Malaysiana, 2007, 36(2), 185-190.

6.   Rusli Daik &, Shahinas Bidol & Ibrahim Abdullah, Effect of molecular weight on the droplet size and rheological properties of liquid natural rubber emulsion, Malaysian Polymer Journal, 2007, 2, 29-38.

Microbial Rubber Degradation: Navigating The Challenges for a Sustainable Future

Kumar Sudesh

School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang. Malaysia. 

ksudesh@usm.my

Abstract

Rubber waste, derived from both natural and synthetic sources, has become a significant environmental challenge due to its durability and resistance to degradation. Microbial degradation offers a promising, eco-friendly solution for addressing this issue. ¹ This presentation explores the potential of microbes in breaking down rubber, focusing on the mechanisms employed by bacteria and fungi, the challenges posed by rubber's chemical resistance, and recent advances in microbial engineering and enzyme optimization. Highlighting case studies on microbial degradation of tire waste ² and oceanic rubber particles, it emphasizes the role of interdisciplinary research and collaboration in overcoming barriers to scalability. ^3,4 With the integration of microbial solutions ⁵ into waste management systems and policy frameworks, this approach holds immense potential for a sustainable future. This presentation will delve into the science, challenges, and opportunities in microbial rubber degradation for environmental restoration and innovation.

Keywords: Actinomycetes, biodegradable, microplastics, rubber

References

1.     Basik, A. A.; Gibu, N.; Kawagiwa, Y.; Ng, S. M.; Yeo, T. C.; Sudesh, K.; Kasai, D. Front. Microbiol., 2024, 15, 1378082.

2.     Basik, A. A.; Trakunjae, C.; Yeo, T. C.; Sudesh, K. Front. Microbiol. 2022, 13, 854427.

3.     Basik, A. A.; Nanthini, J.; Yeo, T. C.; Sudesh, K. Polym. 2021, 20, 3524.

4.     Basik, A. A.; Sanglier, J. J.; Yeo, T. C.; Sudesh, K. Polym. 2021, 13, 1989.

5.     Nanthini, J.; Ong, S. Y. ; Sudesh, K. Gene. 2017. 628, 146-155.

Functional Polymers: From New Synthetic Routes to Applications in Energy Storage

Patrick Théato^a,b*, 

^aInstitute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),

Engesser Str. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

^bSoft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces III, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.

^*Corresponding author: patrick.theato@kit.edu

Abstract

Functional polymers are based on certain chemical functional groups. As such, the inspiration from organic chemistry has always been fruitful to the development of new synthetic routes to functional polymers. Further, the thrive for structure-property relationships in polymer materials requires a precise control of polymer structures. As such, two different aspects will be discussed:

Poly(ethylene oxide) PEO is a readily investigated polymer in numerous applications. One of them being its utilization as an electrolyte for solid-state batteries. However, not much is known on structural variants of PEO about the utilization as polymer electrolytes. Herein, we present the synthesis of some novel PEO-based polymer architectures and their utilization as polymer electrolytes.

Sulfur and particular functional groups derived from sulfur have been major players in this area of exciting research and further have been utilized for the design and preparation of polymeric materials that lead to a plethora of applications. Sulfur as a side product of natural gas and oil refining is an underused resource. Converting landfilled sulfur waste into materials merges the ecological imperative of resource efficiency with economic considerations. A strategy to convert sulfur into polymeric materials is the inverse vulcanization reaction of sulfur with alkenes. However, the materials formed are of limited applicability, because they need to be cured at high temperatures (>130 °C) for many hours. Herein, we discuss the reaction of elemental sulfur with vinyl alkoxysilanes to enable a control of materials properties. Also, post-polymerization modifications of such inverse vulcanized polymers will be discussed.

Keywords: Energy Storage, PEO polymer, inverse vulcanization, post-polymerization modification, flow chemistry

References

1.   A.J. Butzelaar, P. Röring, M. Hoffmann, J. Atik, E. Paillard, M. Wilhelm, M. Winter, G. Brunklaus, P. Theato “Advanced Block Copolymer Design for Polymer Electrolytes: Prospects of Microphase Separation” Macromolecules 2021, 54 (23), 11101-11112. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02147

2.   A.P: Grimm, M. Plank, A. Stihl, C.W. Schmitt, D. Voll, F.H. Schacher, J. Lahann, P. Théato „Inverse Vulcanization of Activated Norbornenyl Esters—A Versatile Platform for Functional Sulfur Polymers“ Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202411010. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202411010

Toward 3-Dimensional Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductor Structures

Myung-Han Yoon^a*

^aDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Republic of Korea

^*Corresponding author: mhyoon@gist.ac.kr

Abstract

In this research, we report organic bioelectronic interfaces based on highly crystalline organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) to overcome the trade-off between electrical/electrochemical performance and long-term stability in water. First, by introducing sulfuric acid treatment, we crystallized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films which exhibit excellent electrical/electrochemical/optical properties, long-term aqueous stability, and good biocompatibility for primarily cultured cardiomyocytes and neurons over several weeks. Furthermore, they are successfully employed for high-performance multi-electrode arrays to record and stimulate the electrophysiological activities of primarily cultured cardiomyocytes and chicken retinae tissues. Next, crystalline PEDOT:PSS microfibers and their self-fusion process are developed for single-strand wearable electrochemical transistors and 3D microfibrillar network-based bioelectronic interfaces. Finally, direct crystallization of PEDOT:PSS on plastic substrates, carbon nanotube yarn/PEDOT:PSS core-shell fibers for energy storage devices, PEDOT:PSS/Pt nanoparticles composite materials for electrocatalysis and gas separation, and PEDOT:PSS/clay composite-based biodegradable/sustainable electronics are briefly discussed.

Keywords: organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors, PEDOT:PSS, bioelectronics

References

1.   Kim, S.-M; Kim, C.-H.; Kim, Y.; Kim, N.; Lee, W.-J.; Lee, E.-H.; Kim, D.; Park, S.; Lee, K.; Rivnay, J.; Yoon, M.-H* Nature Comm. 2018, 9, 3858.

2.   Kim, S.-M.; Kim, N.; Kim, Y.; Baik, M.-D.; Yoo, M.; Kim, D.; Lee, W.-J.; Kang, D.-H.; Kim, S.; Lee, K.*; Yoon, M.-H.* NPG Asia Mater. 2018, 10, 255.

3.   Kim, Y.; Noh, H.; Paulsen, B. D.; Kim, J.; Jo, I.-Y.; Ahn, H.*; Rivnay, J.*; Yoon, M.-H.* Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2007550.

4.   Huang, M.; Lee, S.; Jo, I.-Y.; Park, H.; Shim, B. S.*; Yoon, M.-H.* Carbohydrate Polym. 2024, 324, 121559.

5.   Saini, N.; Lee, D.-Y.; Yoon, M.-H.*; Awasthi, K.* ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 7700.

Alginate-Based Microspheres for Encapsulation of Pancreatic Islets in Diabetes Treatment

Igor Lacík^a,*

^aPolymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

^*Corresponding author: igor.lacik@savba.sk

Abstract

Currently available insulins, glucose sensing and insulin administration technologies offer increasingly accurate control of blood glucose levels in diabetes treatment. However, a significant number of diabetic patients are unable to maintain physiological glucose levels that results in health complications [1]. For such group of patients, the transplantation of functional pancreatic islets represents a solution [2]. In the case of allogeneic transplants, immunosuppression is necessary to protect the islets from the body's immune reaction.

The objective of this work is to develop polymeric microspheres that are suitable for long-term immunoprotection of transplanted islets. At the same time, microspheres ensure the long-term survival and functioning of the islets, i.e., insulin production based on the immediate glucose levels. Alginate-based microspheres have been proposed as a suitable encapsulation material and tested in animal models as well as in clinical trials [3]. These microspheres are stabilized either by divalent cations or by polyelectrolyte complexation, or both.

The encapsulation community strives for recognizing the factors that are important for the survival and function of encapsulated islets in animal models with the vision of clinical trials. In this contribution, the factors important for biocompatibility and stability in designing alginate microbeads [4] as well as multicomponent alginate-based polyelectrolyte microcapsules [5] will be discussed from synthesis and characterization of polymers, process of encapsulation, physical, chemical, and biological characterization of microspheres, to animal experiments.

The significance of working on this topic is the clinical option affording the control of the blood glucose levels by transplanted islets without the need for immunosuppression. Such principle can be used for immunoprotection of transplanted cells also in other cell therapies.

Keywords: diabetes treatment, transplantation of encapsulated islets, alginate, microspheres, polyelectrolytes

Acknowledgment. This work was supported by Slovak research and development agency under contract numbers APVV-18-0480 and APVV-22-0565, and by an international collaboration within The Chicago Diabetes Project, supported by the Washington Square Health Foundation.

References

1. Latres et al. Cell Metabolism 2019, 29, 545-63

2. Marfil-Garza et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022, 10, 519-32

3. Kioulaphides and Garcia, Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2024, 207, 115205

4. Bochenek et al. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2018, 2, 810−821

5. Dorchei et al. Biomaterials 2024, 25, 4118−4138  

Combined Analytical Methodes for the Structural Characterization of Isomers Mixtures

Aura TINTARU

Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CINaM – UMR7325, Marseille - FRANCE.

Corresponding author: aura.tintaru@univ-amu.fr

Abstract

For several years now, essential oils (EOs) have been attracting growing interest from the public, who invest lavishly in skincare products with exceptional properties. Obtained from aromatic, perfumed and medicinal plants, these complex mixtures made up of dozens of molecules offer a wide range of applications in cosmetics, food processing, aromatherapy, perfumery, medicine, etc. [1, 2] To explore at maximum their beneficial properties, we need to know their chemical, physico-chemical and biological characteristics, and identify the hazards associated with the production, marketing and use of these high added-value products. It has become essential to have a reliable and rigorous analytical sequence capable of gathering the new demands of consumers in terms of quality and safety. Therefore, for reliable characterization of natural mixtures, each of the constituent products must be described in terms of its concentration, structure and, where appropriate, stereochemistry. Moreover, enantiomer-specific identification of chiral molecules in natural extracts is a challenging task, as many routine analytical techniques fail to provide selectivity in multi-component mixtures and/or lack sensitivity for dilute samples. Hence, the most challenging issue remains isomers identification and characterization. To do this, combined analytical strategies are used to provide the most detailed possible composition of each studied sample. Today, in addition to the analytical methods traditionally used (GC-MS, LC-MS, SPE, NMR), more modern techniques are being used (ESI-MS, tandem mass spectrometry, ion mobility coupled with mass spectrometry). In this context, through some practical examples this presentation will illustrate alternative approaches, based on the combination of NMR, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and quantum chemistry (QM), for the direct isomers’ differentiation in crude essential oils and other complex samples. [3, 4]

Keywords: Essential oils, isomers, Mass Spectrometry, Ion mobility, NMR

References

1.   Başer, K. H. C.; Buchbauer, G., Handbook of essential oils: science, technology, and applications. Second edition. ed.; CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA

2.   Russo, R.; Corasaniti, M. T.; Bagetta, G.; Morrone, L. A.,

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015, 397821

3.   Tintaru A, Muselli A, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2025, 73, 5102−5115

4.   Spano M, Andreani S, Naubron J-V, Mannina M, Pricl S, Muselli A, Tintaru A Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2022, 414, 6695-6705.

Use of Unconventional Solvents, Greener Approaches to Sample Preparation in Environmental Analysis and Current Challenges

Slavica Ražić^a,* , Jelena Arsenijevića, Tatjana Trtić-Petrović^b

^aFaculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade

^bVinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade

*Corresponding author: slavica.razic@pharmacy.bg.ac.rs

Abstract

The development of a new generation of environmentally friendly solvents is based on a priori knowledge and experience. The achievements of the last decade will provide new perspectives and ideas for solving problems with different environmental samples. Sample preparation is still considered a bottleneck of the entire analytical process and cannot be completely avoided. The second environmentally friendly option after the “no solvent” scenario is the use of water, the safest and most abundant molecule on the earth’s surface, which is ecologically safe and non-toxic. By carefully tuning temperature and pressure, its physicochemical properties change significantly, increasing its solvent potential and selectivity for extracting compounds in a wide polarity range. Supercritical fluids (SCF) and especially CO₂ are attractive unconventional solvents with excellent solvent properties and an alternative to replace hazardous organic solvents. Due to their lower cost, reusability and environmental friendliness, both water and carbon dioxide are a good choice for sample preparation of environmental matrices. Conventional solvents are still used in laboratory practice but are increasingly being replaced by environmentally friendly solvents. Remarkable progress has been made in the field of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), also known as designer solvents. The numerous applications of ILs, DESs, SCW and SCFs as greener alternatives to conventional organic solvents in various environmental matrices offer a variety of solutions while challenging numerous environmental problems. One of the biggest challenges for the future will be to find a compromise between the increasing demands on the quality of the results (accuracy, LOD, reproducibility,...) and the improvement of environmental friendliness. There is no doubt that by implementing the principles of green (analytical) chemistry, we have paved the way for sustainable chemistry and the future in general.^{1, 2}

Keywords: green chemistry, ionic liquids (IL), deep eutectic solvents (DES), supercritical fluids (SCF), subcritical water (SCW)

References

1.   Ražić, S.; Arsenijević, J.; Đogo Mračević, S.; Mušović, J.; Trtić-Petrović, T. Analyst, 2023, 148, 3130.

2.   Ražić, S.; Arsenijević, J.; Trtić-Petrović, T.; Meng, Y.; Anderson, J.L. Use of Unconventional Solvents for Sample Preparation in Environmental Analysis in Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation, 2^nd Ed., Elsevier, 2024. , https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381373-2.00123-X .

Advances in Reference Material Development for Food Safety and Nutrition Analysis in China

Hongmei LI, Fuhai SU, Qi WEI

Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China

Abstract

Forensic science is a science that uses the principles and methods of natural science and social science to solve special problems in litigation, and plays an irreplaceable role in finding out the facts of the case, revealing and confirming the fight against crime and litigation trial. The role of chemical metrology in forensic science: chemical metrology is a discipline that studies chemical measurements and their applications, aiming to ensure the accuracy, reliability, and effectiveness of chemical measurements. In the field of forensic science, the introduction of chemical metrology has provided more scientific basis and means for accurate sentencing and judicial justice. The chemical metrology techniques commonly used in forensic science. Chemical metrology mainly consists of three core elements: device, material and method. The primary device, primary method and primary reference material of the chemical metrology source are a trinity to ensure the traceability of chemical measurement, so that the actual measurement value can be traced to the source of chemical metrology through the uninterrupted traceability chain, and then traced to the international SI unit, and maintain the consistency and accuracy of the global quantity value. Among them, the reference material is the main carrier of quantity traceability and transmission, which is in the core and key position, mainly used for calibration, quality control, measurement method and result evaluation, and determination of characteristic quantity value. A lot of work in chemical metrology revolves around the research and development of reference materials and the application of related technologies. Mass balance method and quantitative nuclear magnetic method are commonly used to determine the purity of reference materials. Mass balance is used to analyze impurities by applying a variety of analytical techniques, subtracting the detectable impurity content from the original sample with a mass fraction of 100% to obtain the purity of the principal component (mass fraction). Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) is a direct analytical method for the determination of organic compounds, which does not require the qualitative and quantitative characterization of impurities except for structure-related impurities. It has the advantage because of high accuracy method as potential primary method. The matrix reference material was determined by LC-ID-MS/MS and GC-IDMS. Application development of chemical metrology technology in forensic science: National Institute of Metrology (NIM) to study and establish the traceability system of National Forensic Science and chemical measurement of drug ingredients, to carry out the research on the detection methods of complex matrix and the characterization and detection methods of related drug ingredients, to develop the certified reference materials of effective ingredients of forensic science and related drugs, and to undertake the relevant international comparison, capability verification, etc.. The high accuracy reference material internationally recognized is applied to the detection of net drug content in drug-related cases, which reduces the uncertainty of detection, reduces the probability of inaccurate sentencing, and highlights judicial justice. NIM has developed 73 drug reference material, covering opiates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, ketamines and cocaine-based drugs that are urgently needed in the field of forensic science. The NIM and the Shanghai Academy of Criminal Science and Technology worked together to develop the fentanyl reference material. The developed fentanyl reference materials are expected to be applied in forensic drug abuse detection and laboratory quality control. In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the NIM developed 34 kinds of illegal drugs in Olympic food, such as methandrosterone, clenbuterol, prednisone and other urgently needed reference material, for the Olympic animal food doping detection, improve the chemical measurement urgently needed traceability system, improve the detection ability and level of illegal drugs. To ensure the accuracy, effectiveness, reliability and mutual recognition of quantity value provides important technical support and necessary quantity traceability conditions. In the 2015 Beijing Track and Field World Championships, the NIM and the Beijing Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Center jointly carried out quality control technology research and the ability evaluation of the testing laboratory, improved the quality of doping detection of food for athletes, and provided strong technical support to avoid positive urine tests caused by eating meat. In the field of international comparison, in 2012, the NIM participated APMP QM-P20, IIicit Drugs in Human Hair, and give the good result. The development of high accuracy measurement methods, international mutual recognition, standard substances and measurement quality control in the field of forensic science provide effective support and guarantee for the scientific work of the court. 

Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Elucidation of Combustion Related Organic Air Pollutants

Patricia Forbes^a* and Genna-Leigh Geldenhuys^a,b

^aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.

^bMarine and Coastal Ecosystems Centre, Cyprus Marine and Maritime Institute, Larnaca, Cyprus.

*Corresponding author: patricia.forbes@up.ac.za

Abstract

Air quality has a direct impact on human health, with air pollution being the second largest mortality risk factor in 2021 accounting for 8.1 million deaths worldwide [1]. Combustion is a known source of organic air pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which may negatively impact human health with particular reference to respiratory disease. Combustion emission sources include biomass burning and diesel engine combustion. A robust analytical methodology is required to determine the impact of these activities on air quality. Multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCxGC-MS) is an indispensable tool in this regard, as the enhanced separation which it provides enables correct peak identification and quantification. The results of studies are presented which aimed to assess potential improvements in air quality upon implementation of combustion-related interventions. The first involved replacement of diesel with biodiesel in fueling vehicles, which was tested under controlled laboratory conditions and then in an underground platinum mine. Sampling of gaseous semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) emissions onto portable multichannel polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) traps was conducted, followed by thermal desorption (TD)-GCxGC-MS analysis. A reduction in total gas phase PAH concentrations from 34 to 9 µg m–3 was achieved when substituting diesel with biodiesel under high idle heavy-duty engine conditions in the underground mine [2]. Another study focused on the removal of unwanted sugar cane biomass prior to harvest, which is currently achieved by combustion in South Africa. Simultaneous sampling of gas and particle bound SVOCs before and after burn events was conducted using portable PDMS trap-based denuders. Total PAH concentrations (gas + particle phase) ranged from 0.05 to 9.85 µg m–3 per burn event [3]. Over 85% of all PAHs were found to exist in the gas phase, causing the majority of variance between the burn sites which could be linked to the crop variety. The results of these studies highlight the importance of the comprehensive analysis of organic pollutant emissions in order to assess improvement interventions and inform effective management, thereby minimizing environmental and human health impacts.

Keywords: multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, thermal desorption, semivolatile organic compound, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, air pollution

References

1.     Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Results, 2022, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.

2.     Geldenhuys, G.; Wattrus, M.; Fox, M.; Forbes, P.B.C. Renew. Energy Focus. 2023, 47, 100500.

3.     Geldenhuys, G.; Orasche, J.; Jakobi, G.; Zimmermann, R.; Forbes, P.B.C. ET&C. 2023, 42(4), 778-792.

Plasmonic Single-Molecule Affinity Detection at 10 Zeptomolar

Luisa Torsi

Dipartimento di Chimica – Università degli studi di Bari

Abstract

DNA can be amplified efficiently through replication, enabling the detection of a single target copy. In contrast, achieving similar sensitivity for protein detection in immunoassays remains an unresolved challenge. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a well-established method for performing assays, typically achieving detection thresholds at concentrations around 10⁻⁹ molar.

This study demonstrates plasmonic single-molecule assays for both proteins and DNA, reaching detection limits (LODs) as low as 10⁻²⁰ molar (1 ± 1 molecule in 0.1 mL) within 1 hour, even in complex samples like human serum. This represents an extraordinary eleven-order-of-magnitude improvement over standard SPR detection limits.

The enhanced sensitivity is achieved using a millimeter-scale surface coated with a physisorbed biolayer. This biolayer, containing trillions of recognition elements such as antibodies or protein-probe complexes, undergoes pH-conditioning in either acidic or alkaline environments. Investigations using potentiometric and surface-probing imaging reveal a previously unrecognized amplification mechanism responsible for this exceptional performance.

The findings suggest that pH-conditioning induces a metastable state in the biolayer, which facilitates a self-propagating aggregation of partially misfolded proteins upon single-affinity binding. This aggregation results in significant electrostatic rearrangement, corresponding to a displacement of approximately 1.5e per 10² recognition elements.

These insights pave the way for ultrasensitive SPR-based biosensing technologies capable of operating at the physical limits of detection. Such advancements hold great promise for the development of nextgeneration plasmonic systems tailored for point-of-care diagnostics.

Keywords: plasmonic sensors; single‐molecule sensing; single‐molecule with a large transistor (SiMoT); surface probing techniques; surface‐plasmon‐resonance.

References

1.   Macchia, E.; Di Franco C.; […] Scamarcio, G.* and Torsi, L* Advanced Materials 2025, Jan 23:e2418610. doi: 10.1002/adma.202418610

Accelerated Reactions in Microdroplets: Mechanisms and Applications in Organic Synthesis and Drug Discovery

Cooks, R. Graham, Morato, N. M.

Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana, USA

*Corresponding author: cooks@purdue.edu

Abstract

The phenomenon of accelerated chemical reactions in microdroplets (rate constants increased by up to a million-fold relative to bulk) is introduced and its history is sketched.[1] The key role of the air/solution interface is demonstrated and the range of accessible chemistry is shown. The aim is to understand and utilize accelerated microdroplet chemistry. Microdroplets are generated by spray methods, including desorption electrospray ionization. The factors that drive acceleration are partial solvation and high interfacial electric fields. Acceleration occurs in organic as well as aqueous microdroplets where super-acid and super-base species drive these reactions.[2] Most important is the water radical cation H₂O⁺. and its monohydrate ( H₂O⁺.. H₂O, especially the isomer HO.… H₃O⁺) which drives redox as well as acid/base chemistry. Redox reactions on sulfones, phosphonates and ketones will be noted as will condensation reactions leading to biopolymers (e.g. peptides) and to heterocyclic systems. A role for these catalyst free reactions in prebiotic chemistry is argued. Scale up of accelerated reactions (to g/hr levels) will be shown. Accelerated reactions are also performed on reaction mixtures in array format using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry.[3] This allows high throughput (HT) reaction screening (analysis of 6,144 reaction mixtures per hour, 5 ng scale). This new HT system is used for small scale synthesis, simply by collecting the sprayed droplets on a 2^nd array. Further extension of the technology is shown in its use in bioassays and as an approach to early stage drug discovery. [3,4]

Keywords: Chemical synthesis; mass spectrometry; interfacial reactions; reactive intermediates;  

References

1. Yan, X; Bain, R.M.; Cooks, R. G. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 12960-72

2. Qiu, L: Cooks, R. G. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022 61, e2022107

3. Cooks, R. G.; Feng, Y.; Huang, K.-H.; Morato, N. M.; Qiu, L. Isr. J. Chem.2023 e202300034

4. Huang, K.-H.; Morato, N. M.; Feng, Y.; Toney, A.; Cooks, R. G. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2024 146 33112–33120 

Analytical Chemistry in Courts of Law

D Brynn Hibbert^a*

^aSchool of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney NSW 2052 Australia.

Corresponding author: b.hibbert@unsw.edu.au

Abstract

Although the law professes to demand surety in its determinations – ‘beyond reasonable doubt’, etc. courts are remarkably ignorant of how science works to provide that surety and have a deep distrust of statistics. The concept of ‘reliability’ of expert evidence is a hot topic in forensic science [1]. Although high profile cases have often been concerned with soft sciences, such as shoe prints, bite marks, or identification of recorded voices, DNA analysis still remains in contention for the most probed analytical technique, and the identification of drugs also poses problems. Accreditation, usually to ISO/IEC 17025:2017[2] is key to establishing the authority of a laboratory to identify, for example, a white powder found in possession of a suspect. Most official forensic laboratories (police, state, sports organizations) are obliged to be accredited, but when amateur scientists (forensic amateurs, often from good universities) become involved things can be very tricky. In a case during COVID [3], lead isotope analysis of bullets in a body that matched those in a box of bullets owned by a friend of the accused looked very sound until it was pointed out there was no validation. The prosecution case also fell foul of the likelihood of another box of bullets being sold at the same time. In a more recent case, a court had to evaluate the difference between a presumptive and a confirmatory test. Benzyl cyanide had been intercepted at an Australian border and tested with hand-held infrared and Raman devices. The spectra were excellent, but the court ruled that without a sample being confirmed in a laboratory the match could not be sustained. Chemists should engage with the law. It is difficult, courts really do not speak the same language, but lawyers and judges are intelligent and can be taught – by the right people.

Keywords: forensic science, analytical chemistry, isotope analysis, infrared, Raman 

References

1. Edmond G, Martire K, Found B, Kemp R, Hamer D, Hibbert B, et al. How to cross-examine forensic scientists: A guide for lawyers. Australian Bar Review. 2014; 39: 174

2. International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC 17025:2017. General requirements for the competence of calibration and testing laboratories ISO/IEC: Geneva; 2017.

3. Supreme Court of Queensland. Pentland v The Queen [2020] QSCPR 10, Brisbane, Qld; 2020, pp. 29.

Solar-To-X Technologies and Their Essential Role an A Resilient and Low-Carbon Future

Gabriele Centi^a* , Siglinda Perathoner^a

^aUniversity of Messina (Italy) and ERIC aisbl (European Research Institute of Catalysis, Belgium), Dept. ChiBioFarAm, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina (Italy). 

Abstract

Solar energy is the most abundant renewable energy source on Earth, and solar energy technologies are essential in achieving worldwide commitments towards a carbon-neutral society (1-3). However, for solar energy to be usable, it should be transformed into heat, electricity or incorporated into chemicals. The latter allows renewable energy to be stored in chemical bonds, thus enabling long-term renewable energy storage and long-distance energy transport. Developing those chemical energy vectors is crucial to replacing fossil fuels and establishing a renewable-based economy and carbon circularity (4). Chemical conversion technologies directly using solar energy, so-called Solarto-X technologies, are central to implementing chemical energy conversion solutions.

This keynote lecture will first introduce the background aspects, the vision of the future and evolving scenario, and why solar-to-X technologies are essential in a resilient and low-carbon future. It analyses the changing energychemistry nexus, the drivers for a new sustainable energy scenario, a new vision for refineries, the enabling aspects towards fossil-free chemical production, approaches in defossilization and electrification of the production, and low-carbon H₂ briefly. It is highlighted, in particular, the need to turn the perspective to address these aspects (5-7).

The second part of the lecture will be focused on the features and role of artificial leaf/tree-like devices as an example of solar-to-X technologies (3, 8-13). Their feature and design, state of development and advances under development (such as artificial trees for continuous H₂ production or for making chemicals and food components from the air) will be discussed, showing how these artificial leaf/tree technologies are not a long-term dream, but a real possibility in a medium term, if enough research effort will be dedicated. This lecture is part of the activities related to EU CSA SUNER-C project 101058481 and ERC SCOPE Synergy project 810182.

Keynote: Solar-to-X; Low-carbon chemicals; Artificial leaf; Solar H₂; Air to chemicals 

Reference:

1. P. Lanzafame et al., Beyond Solar Fuels: Renewable Energy-Driven Chemistry. ChemSusChem 10, 4409-4419 (2017).

2. S. Perathoner, G. Centi, Catalysis for solar-driven chemistry: The role of electrocatalysis. Catal. Today 330, 157-170 (2019).

3. G. Centi, C. Ampelli, CO₂ conversion to solar fuels and chemicals: Opening the new paths. J. Energy Chem. 91, 680-683 (2024).

4. S. Perathoner, K. M. Van Geem, G. B. Marin, G. Centi, Reuse of CO₂ in energy intensive process industries. Chem. Comm. 57, 10967-10982 (2021).

5. G. Centi, S. Perathoner, Catalysis for an electrified chemical production. Catal. Today 423, 113935 (2023).

6. H. Kang et al., Understanding the complexity in bridging thermal and electrocatalytic methanation of CO₂. Chem. Soc. Rev. 52, 3627-3662 (2023).

7. G. Centi, S. Perathoner, Rethinking chemical production with “green” hydrogen. Pure and Appl. Chem. 96, 471-477 (2024).

8. C. Ampelli et al., Electrode and cell design for CO₂ reduction: A viewpoint. Catal. Today 421, 114217 (2023).

9. V. Romano, G. D’Angelo, S. Perathoner, G. Centi, Current density in solar fuel technologies. Energy & Env. Sci. 14, 5760-5787 (2021).

10. G. Centi, S. Perathoner, Making chemicals from the air: the new frontier for hybrid electrosyntheses in artificial tree-like devices. Green Chem. 26, 15-41 (2024).

11. G. Centi, Y. Liu, S. Perathoner, Catalysis for Carbon-Circularity: Emerging Concepts and Role of Inorganic Chemistry. ChemSusChem n/a, e202400843 (2024).

12. G. Papanikolaou, G. Centi, S. Perathoner, P. Lanzafame, Green synthesis and sustainable processing routes. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chem. 47, 100918 (2024).

13. C. Ampelli et al., An artificial leaf device built with earth-abundant materials for combined H₂ production and storage as formate with efficiency > 10%. Energy & Envir. Sci. 16, 1644-1661 (2023). 

Electrochemical Conversion of Co₂ Using Single Atom Decorated Catalysts

Soo Young Kim^a,*

^aDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

^*Corresponding author: sooyoungkim@korea.ac.kr

Abstract

The pursuit of a circular carbon economy and the need to surmount the constraints of CO₂ electroreduction technology has prompted the development of single-atom catalysts (SACs) for electrocatalysts. SACs consist of isolated metal atoms dispersed on a support material. First, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 containing various transition metal ions—Ni, Fe, and Cu—at varying concentrations upon doping were fabricated for the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) to CO without further processing. The electron-rich sp² C atoms of optimized copper doping on ZIF-8, leading to a local effect between the Zn–N₄ and Cu–N₄ moieties, achieve a maximum Faradaic efficiency for CO₂ to CO of 88.5% at -1.0 V (vs. RHE) with a stability over 6 h [1]. Second, compared to nanoparticles, SACs have been shown to significantly enhance the efficiency of metal atom utilization by nearly 100%, which results in a higher concentration of active sites, leading to outstanding catalytic activity, excellent product selectivity, and stability. Among the diverse support materials, the ZIFs, a sub-class of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high nitrogen content, have been widely used to prepare metal-nitrogen-doped carbon (M-NC) SACs with dense active sites. Herein, we utilized an eco-friendly approach to produce two-dimensional ZIF-8 nanosheets (ZIF-8-NS) as an optimal support material for SACs. Additionally, we introduced Ni precursor into the synthesis process of Ni-ZIF-8-NS, which was then subjected to pyrolysis at 950 °C under a N₂ atmosphere to yield the final product, Ni-NC-NS. Ni-NC-NS demonstrated an outstanding CO2RR performance by exhibiting excellent Faradaic efficiency (FE) toward CO of ~100% both in the H-cell and flow-cell reactors as well as a remarkable turnover frequency (TOF) of 23,699 h⁻¹. [2] Finally, we will present a facile strategy for synthesizing M–NC SACs using metal-chelating ligands, eliminating the need for additional processing steps. Specifically, the method to use ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a strong metal-chelating ligand will be shown. [3]

Keywords: Metal-organic framework, CO₂ reduction, Electrocatalysts, Sing-atom catalysts

References

1.   Cho, JH; Lee, C; Hong, SH; Back, S; Seo, MG; Lee, M; Min, HK; Choi, Y; Jang YJ; Ahn, SH; Jang HW; Kim SY. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2208224

2.   Cho, JH; Ma, J; Lee, C; Lim, JW; Kim, Y; Jang, HY; Kim, J; Seo, MG; Choi, Y; Jang YJ; Ahn, SH; Jang HW; Back, S; Lee JL; Kim SY. Carbon Energy 2024, 6, e510

3.   Kim, JH; Kim, J; Ma, J; Cho, JH; Jeong, J; Iimura, S; Jang, HW; Kim, SY. Small 2025, 21, 2409481

Photocatalysis Studied at Single-Particle Level

Zhaoke Zheng*

State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China

*Corresponding author: zkzheng@sdu.edu.cn

Abstract

The real catalytic conversion process exhibits significant surface interface heterogeneity and complex spatiotemporal dynamics at the micro nano scale, requiring high-precision characterization techniques to obtain more accurate surface interface structure-activity relationship information. Single particle fluorescence spectroscopy technology, by monitoring the fluorescence characteristic parameters of individual nanoparticles in situ, can study the specific physical and chemical processes of surface interface structure evolution, charge transfer, and energy transfer at the single particle scale, and can be used to accurately reveal surface interface properties and catalytic mechanisms. In the early stage, we developed a "spatially resolved" single particle fluorescence spectroscopy technology with independent intellectual property rights, and initially achieved the construction of a single particle spectroscopy system with "time-resolved" characteristics. Based on this technology, the transfer of hot electrons from the absorption center to the catalytic center has been confirmed at the single particle level; A microfluidic reaction device was designed to achieve in-situ study of single particle surface reactions under catalytic conditions, revealing the mechanism of carrier driven H₂O molecule activation reaction and non competitive adsorption reaction, and discovering the key role of direct energy transfer mechanism in HCOOH molecule activation; For the first time, nanoscale imaging of BiVO₄ surface defects has been achieved, providing a spatially high-resolution characterization technique for the distribution and imaging of surface defects in solid materials. This has revealed the adsorption and activation mechanism of O₂ molecules by specific active site defects, accelerated interfacial charge transfer, and enhanced the catalytic activity of benzylamine oxidative coupling.

Keywords: single-particle spectroscopy, photocatalysis

Figure 1: The activation of water molecules by energetic charge carriers.

References

1. B. Li, M. Lv, Y. Zhang, X. Gong, Z. Lou*, Z. Wang, Y. Liu, P. Wang, H. Cheng, Y. Dai, B. Huang, Z. Zheng*, ACS Nano 2024, 18, 25522.

2. Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, T. Zhang, X. Gong, Z. Wang, Y. Liu; P. Wang, H. Cheng, Y. Dai, B. Huang, Z. Zheng*, Nano Lett. 2023, 23, 1244.

3. X. Gong, F. Ma, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, Z. Wang, Y. Liu, P. Wang, H. Cheng, Y. Dai, Y. Fan, B. Huang, Z. Zheng*, ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 12338.

4. F. Ma, Z. Li, R. Hu*, Z. Wang, J. Wang, J. Li, Y. Nie, Z. Zheng*, X. Jiang*, ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 14163.

5. B. Li, F. Tong, M. Lv, Z. Wang, Y. Liu, P. Wang, H. Cheng, Y. Dai, Z. Zheng*, B. Huang. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 9114.

Radioactivity in the Marine Environment: Context, Perceptions, and Risks

Nicholas D. Priest

Université Laval, Québec, Canada, and Middlesex University, UK.

*Corresponding author: prof.nick.priest@gmail.com

Abstract

Seventy-one percent of the earth’s surface is covered by oceans and seas and changes in the marine environment provide a potential threat to the wider global environment, and human health. Human activities that have produced both local and global impacts are many. In a major recent a publication on human health and ocean pollution (Landrigan et al.) pollutants of concern are identified, including plastic waste, spilt oil, chemicals, nutrients, mercury, and pesticides. Radionuclides are not mentioned. In contrast, there is much evidence to suggest that the discharge of radionuclides and exposures to anthropogenic radiation sources generally are of major concern to populations across the world. Radionuclides of most concern are hydrogen-3 (tritium) – as evidenced by concerns about discharges to the Pacific Ocean from Fukushima -, the fission products e.g., caesium-137 and strontium-90, and discharged nuclear fuel radionuclides including uranium and plutonium isotopes. While accidental losses and the sea dumping of fuel cycle wastes are important it is fuel recycling operations that, historically, have resulted in the largest discharges and the greatest accumulations of radioactivity in regional waters and marine sediments. Of these, the operations at the Windscale/Sellafield site in the UK have resulted in the highest regional accumulations of fuel cycle radionuclides – in the Irish Sea. These discharges, most of which occurred in the 1970’s, were permitted provided the consequent radiation doses received by the most exposed populations (the critical group) did not exceed the population dose limit for exposures to anthropogenic radiation. In the early years this was set at 5mSv/y and the reference critical group were people that collected and consumed larva bread (contaminated seaweed). At this dose level, and at this time, it was assumed that either the exposures would result in no ill-effects or were too small to be of concern. Subsequently, radiation protection assumptions were changed such that all exposures to radiation were deemed to be carcinogenic and potentially harmful. The level of harm equivalent to 5mSv/y could then be calculated to be approximately 0.025% - although local concerned populations perceive risks to be underestimated. However, when radiation risk factors were specified, they were calculated from the backward extrapolation of high dose toxicity data and may not be relevant to low dose exposures. Moreover, the effects of induced damage repair and immune responses were not fully considered, and recent evidence suggests high environmental exposures in regions of high natural radioactivity have not resulted in the predicted adverse outcomes on health. Moreover, there is new evidence that suggests that low exposures, up to about 100mSv, may actuality inhibit the progression of cancer and result in life-extensions. Given that the radiation doses from the marine environment are now much lower than 5mSv/y, it is concluded that there is no evidence to suggest that populations should be concerned about health effects resulting from the contamination of global and local marine environments by radionuclides. 

In-Situ Raman Probing Electrochemical Reactions

Jian-Feng Li^a,*

^aDepartment of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

*Corresponding author: Li@xmu.edu.cn

Abstract

Understanding the fundamental reaction mechanism and the structure-activity relationship at electrochemical interfaces is essential for developing electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Such fundamental understanding is strongly dependent on the surface molecular information of the species at the electrochemical interfaces, especially those acquired under working conditions. Surface-enhanced Raman spec-troscopy (SERS) can provide such information with ultrahigh surface sensitivity. However, only a few metals (like Au, Ag, and Cu) with particular nanostructures can generate strong SERS effects. This mate-rial and morphology limitation has greatly hindered the applications of SERS in probing electrochemical reactions.

To overcome the long-standing limitations, we developed various strategies, including the “borrowing” strategy, shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), and SHINERSsatellite strategy, through the fabrication of plasmonic core-shell nanostructures, allowing in-situ SERS studies at electrochemical interfaces. Using these strategies, the dynamic process of electrocatalytic reactions, such as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR), etc., occurring on model single crystal surfaces or practical nanocatalysts have been systematically investigated. Direct spectroscopic evidence for the key intermediates, such as *OH, *OOH, and *O_2-, as well as interfacial water structure, during reactions has been obtained, which is combined with theoretical simulations to uncover the reaction mechanisms or structure-activity at a molecular level.

Keywords: SERS, in-situ, electrochemistry, interfacial water, reaction intermediates

References

1.   Li, J. F.; Wang, Z. L.; Tian, Z. Q. et al. Nature 2010, 492, 392-395.

2.   Wang, Y. H.; Pan, F.; Li J. F. et al. Nature 2021, 600, 81-85.

3.   Dong, J.; Feliu, J.; Li J. F. et al. Nature Energy 2019, 4, 60-67.

Battery Innovation Empowered by Lithium Bond and Artificial Intelligence

Qiang Zhang*

Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries,

Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification (CCEE),

Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

zhang-qiang@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn

Lithium bonds, analogous to hydrogen bonds, exhibit unique properties due to lithium’s weak metallic nature, offering exciting potential for lithium battery applications. This talk will delve into the concept of lithium bonds, exploring their underlying chemistry and how they can be harnessed to design new battery material combing with emerging artificial intelligence and further improve battery performances. Specifically, solid electrolytes combined with high-voltage Li-rich Mn-based cathodes and anode-free cell designs hold significant promise for high-energy-density and high-safety systems. However, challenges such as interfacial oxygen escape and unstable anode morphology continue to hinder their widespread applications. To address these issues, we have developed a fluoropolyether-based solid polymer electrolyte featuring a novel anion-rich solvation structure, which stabilizes the interface and enhances cycling stability. The resulting pouch cell demonstrates an ultra-high energy density (>600 Wh/kg) and excellent safety under a nail penetration at a full charge condition, advancing solid-state battery technology and paving the way for safer, higher-energy systems.

Reference

[1] Chen, X.; Bai, Y.-K.; Zhao, C.-Z.; Shen, X.; Zhang, Q., Lithium bond in lithium batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 11192–11195.

[2] Lu, Y.; Zhao, C.-Z.; Zhang, R.; Yuan, H.; Hou, L.-P.; Fu, Z.-H.; Chen, X.; Huang, J.-Q.; Zhang, Q. The carrier transition from Li atoms to Li vacancies in solid-state lithium alloy anodes. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabi5520.

[3] Yao, Y.X.; Wan, J.; Liang, N.Y.; Yan, C.; Wen, R.; Zhang, Q. Nucleation and growth mode of solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 8001

[4] Gao, Y.C.; Yao, N.; Chen, X.; Yu, L.G.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, Q. Data-driven insight into the reductive stability of ion-solvent complexes in lithium battery electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 23764.

[5] Yao, N.; Chen, X.; Sun, S.Y.; Gao, Y.C.; Yu, L.G.; Gao, Y.B.; Li, W.L.; Zhang, Q. Identifying the lithium bond and lithium ionic bond in electrolytes. Chem 2025, 11, 102254.

Photon-Phonon Co-Driven Conversion of CH₄ to C₂

Junwang Tang

Industrial Catalysis Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

^*Corresponding author: jwtang@tsinghua.edu.cn

Abstract

Solar-driven conversion of carbon-containing sources, eg. CO₂ and CH₄ to valuable chemicals is regarded as a pivotal approach for harnessing solar energy and, more importantly, a highly efficient pathway toward achieving carbon neutrality in chemical synthesis. Our early studies on charge dynamics in inorganic materials reveal that the current low solar conversion efficiency is due to both fast charge recombination and sluggish water oxidation [1,2], thus we developed effective material strategies to overcome these challenges and improve the performance of photocatalysis.

Typically, we found that surface junctions can substantially facilitate charge transfer and separation. For instance, the junction composed of C₃N₄ and carbon quantum dots which were synthesised by microwave chemistry represents an unprecedented CO₂ reduction efficiency using water as the sole proton source, leading to CO₂ to methanol with a 100% selectivity [3]. More importantly, we discovered that coupling photons with phonons to co-drive catalytic reactions is significantly more efficient and selective compared to solely relying on photocatalysis, which has been demonstrated in a few scenarios, including methane conversion to formaldehyde on Ru/ZnO [4], methane to C₂H₆ over Au loaded TiO₂ [5] etc, all with extremely high conversion and selectivity. Very recently, we developed a new concept of an intramolecular junction, which is composed of alternate benzene and triazine motifs in CTF polymer. Such structure can facilitate fast charge separation and is characterised by spatially separated reduction and oxidation sites in one molecular unit, thus substantially improving the methane conversion to ethanol and mitigating the overoxidation to CO₂, resulting in an unprecedented ethanol yield and selectivity of 80% operated under ambient condition [6].

Keywords: photon-phonon co-driven catalysis, methane, ethane, ethanol, selectivity

References

1. Wang, Y.; Vogel, A.; Sachs, M; Sprick, R.S.; Wilbraham,L.; Moniz, S.J.A.; Godin, R.; Zwijnenburg, M.A.; Durrant, J.R.; Cooper, A.I.; Tang, J, Nature Energy, 2019, 4, 746-760.
2. Tang, J.; Durrant, J.; Klug, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130 (42) 13885-13891.
3. Wang, Y.; Liu, X.; Han, X.; Godin, R.; Chen, J.; Zhou, W.; Jiang, C.;Thompson, J.F.; Bayazit, M.; Shevlin, S.; Durrant, J.R.; Guo, Z.; Tang, J., Nature Communications, 2020, 11, 2531
4. Xu, Y.; Wang, C.; Li, X.; Xiong, L.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, L; Zhang, Q.; Gu, L.; Lan, L.; Tang, J., Nature Sustainability, 2024, 7, 1171–1181.
5. Li, X.; Li, C.; Xu, Y.; Liu, Q.; Bahri; M., Zhang, L.; Browning, N.D.; Cowan, A.J.; Tang, J., Nature Energy, 2023, 8, 1013–1022.
6. Xie, J.; Fu, C.; Quesne, M.G.; Guo, J.; Wang, C.; Xiong, L.; Windle, C.D.; Gadipelli, S.; Guo, Z.X.; Huang, W.; Catlow, C.R.A.; Tang, J., Nature, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08630-x.

Heterogeneous Molecular Catalysis For Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

Yijiao Jiang

School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

Email: yijiao.jiang@mq.edu.au

Abstract

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ in aqueous electrolytes is one of the most promising routes for commercial CO₂ utilization. A switch from the currently used noble metal-based catalysts to the carbonsupported macrocyclic complexes could bring a much-needed cost reduction thus making the technology economically viable. However, the inherently low conductivity and tendency of molecular catalysts to degrade during the long-term operation present a challenge for catalyst design. We applied mechanistic investigations to tackle a challenging problem of the catalyst durability in CO₂ electrolysis. It was determined that the loss of activity takes place due to the reductive carboxylation and cooccurring formation of inactive metal complex. Therefore, the stability could be greatly enhanced through the introduction of bulky donating substituents around the macrocyclic core. These insights allowed us to design and synthesis a catalyst bearing eight methoxy groups around the lateral aromatic moieties which demonstrate an improved stability during the long run electrolysis. These design principles, combined with our recent development of bicarbonate electrolysis and heterogeneous molecular catalysts, would provide a low-cost and very stable catalytic system for CO₂ electrolysis.

Keywords: Heterogenous molecular catalyst, cobalt phthalocyanine, mechanism-driven design, carbon dioxide electroreduction, bicarbonate electrolysis 

References

1.     A. Kochubei, A. Marianov, O. Conquest, T. Lu, Y. Liu, C. Stampfl, Y. Jiang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2024.

2.     A. Marianov, A. Kochubei, S. Gu, Y. Jiang, ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 8610.

3.     S. Gu, A. Marianov and Y. Jiang, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2022, 300, 120750.

4.     A. Marianov, A. Kochubei, T. Roman, O. Conquest, C. Stampfl, Y. Jiang, ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 3715.

5.     A. Marianov, Y. Jiang, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2019, 244, 881.

Design Of Heterogeneous Catalysts For Precision Catalysis

Ye Wang*

^aState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

*Corresponding author: wangye@xmu.edu.cn

Abstract

The heterogeneous catalyst is typically composed of an active phase, a support and one or several promoters. Under the current pursuit of precision catalysis, developing new strategies for catalyst design has become imperative. Here, I present our catalyst-design strategies of dynamic control of confined single-atom catalysis for propane dehydrogenation and relay catalysis for syngas conversion to C₂ oxygenates. Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is one of the most attractive heterogeneous catalytic reactions, with a simple reaction mechanism mainly involving the C-H activation. However, fast catalyst deactivation due to the coke deposition, induced by the C-C cleavage and deep dehydrogenation, remains a significant challenge. Rhodium is the most active metal towards C-H activation, but Rh-based catalysts typically exhibit poor PDH performance. We successfully designed and constructed a highly efficient and ultrastable Rh single-atom catalyst by leveraging zeolite-confinement effect and the dynamic migration of indium species under reaction conditions.1 No catalyst deactivation was observed for the conversion of pure propane at 550°C over 6000 h. Syngas (CO/H₂), a sustainable C1 feedstock derivable from either fossil resources or renewables, has attracted significant attention as a key platform. Despite remarkable advances in the conversion of syngas to lower olefins over the past decade, selective synthesis of a C₂ oxygenate from syngas, a reaction with complex mechanisms containing multiple intermediates and complex reaction networks, has been less successful. We demonstrate that relay catalysis is a promising methodology for designing catalyst to control such complex reactions. ^2-4 By designing and constructing a dual-site heterogeneous carbonylation catalyst that operates efficiently at a lower CO/CH₃OH ratio, we successfully overcame the conversion-selectivity trade-off in syngas conversion to C₂ oxygenates via relay catalysis. The selectivity of acetic acid or ethanol reached 90% at single-pass CO conversions of 30-40%.

Keywords: catalyst design, single-atom catalysis, relay catalysis, propane dehydrogenation, syngas conversions

References

1.  Zeng, L.; Cheng, K.; Sun, F.; Fan, Q.; Li, L.; Zhang, Q.; Wei, Y.; Zhou, W.; Kang, J.; Chen, M.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, L.; Huang, J.; Cheng, J.; Jiang, Z.; Fu, G.; Wang, Y. Science 2024, 383, 998-1004.

2.  Cheng, K.; Li, Y.; Kang, J.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, Y. Acc. Chem. Res. 2024, 57, 714-725.

3.  Kang, J.; He, S.; Zhou, W.; Shen, Z.; Li, Y.; Chen, M.; Zhang, Q.; Wang. Y. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 827.

4.  Zhou, W.; Kang, J.; Cheng, K.; He, S.; Shi, J.; Zhou, C.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, J.; Peng, L.; Chen, M.; Wang Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 12012-12016.

Micro And Nanoplastics In Environmental Samples - Requirements For Reliable Quantification

Roland Kallenborn^a,*, Katrin Vorkamp^b

^aFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM); Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.

^bDepartment of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark

*Corresponding author: Roland.kallenborn@nmbu.no

Abstract

In recent years, the fate and distribution profiles of micro- and nanometer-sized organic polymeric materials (micro- and nanoplastics; MP/NP) have become a focus area in international environmental sciences. Quantification of MP is often based on spectroscopic methods, such as Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. Restrictions in size resolution and contamination issues usually prevent the determination of particles smaller than 0.5 µm, thus excluding typical NP size fractions. An alternative quantification method is based on pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). Regardless of the analytical method, the quantitative polymer-specific analysis of MP/NP in the environment is crucial for understanding their sources, distribution and impacts on ecosystems and human health.

This presentation outlines the essential quality criteria for MP/NP analyses, emphasizing the need for harmonized methodologies and standardized quality assurance and control (QA/QC) measures to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. Key steps include sample collection and preparation, detection and identification, quality control (including representative blanks as well as positive controls/recovery), and standardized reporting for data interpretation. Several national and international monitoring programs have extended their efforts to include MP/NP. The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) recently prepared a monitoring plan as well as monitoring guidelines, including QA/QC recommendations for coordinated and harmonized MP monitoring in the Arctic. The guidelines developed by AMAP will be discussed as a starting point for appropriate analytical strategies for MP/NP quantification. By adhering to appropriate quality control criteria, researchers and laboratories can improve the reliability of microplastic studies, contributing to more effective environmental management and mitigation strategies.

Keywords: Quantitative methods, Microplastic, environment, quality control, 

Carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts

for Clean Energy Conversion and Environmental Remediation

Liming Dai

Australian Carbon Materials Centre

The ARC Centre of Excellence for Carbon Science and Innovation

 University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

Email: l.dai@unsw.edu.au; https://www.carboncentre.org.au/

Abstract: Since our discovery of the first carbon-based metal-free electrocatalyst (C-MFEC, i.e., N-doped carbon nanotubes) for oxygen reduction in fuel cells in 2009, the field of C-MFEC has grown enormously. C-MFECs, as alternatives to noble metal-based electrocatalysts, have been widely demonstrated for efficient oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen reduction, and many other electrocatalytic reactions. Recent worldwide research effort has shown great potential for applications of C-MFECs in fuel cells for clean energy conversion, metal-air batteries for energy storage, water splitting for hydrogen fuel generation, and other electrochemical processes for value-added chemical production to reduce or even eliminate greenhouse emissions. Further research and development of C-MFECs could revolutionize clean energy and environmental remediation technologies. In this talk, I will summarize some of our work on the development of C-MFECs for clean energy conversion and environmental remediation, along with an overview on recent advances, current challenges, and future perspectives in this exciting field.

Catalysing Sustainable Chemical Manufacturing

Adam F. Lee^a,*

^aSchool of Environment and Science , Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia.

*Corresponding author: adam.lee@griffith.edu.au; adamfraserlee@gmail.com

Abstract

The anthropogenic origin of climate change from combustible carbon, and desire to establish a global circular economy is driving the quest for new sustainable manufacturing processes.¹ Catalysis has a rich history of facilitating energy efficient, selective molecular transformations, and will play a pivotal role in overcoming the scientific and engineering barriers to sustainable and economically viable energy vectors and chemicals. This presentation describes challenges in the design of catalytic technologies for biofuels and platform chemicals synthesis.²

Advances in the rational design of nanoporous solid acid and base catalysts enable the fabrication of hierarchical porous architectures³ in which different active sites are spatially compartmentalised. Synergies between nanoporous solid acids and metal nanoparticles organocatalysts also facilitate active and selective upgrading of phenolic components of pyrolysis bio-oils to hydrocarbon fuels, and precious metal thrifting.⁴ Active site compartmentalization and the synthesis of bifunctional organocatalysts (Figure 1)⁵ facilitate chemical cascades to produce valuable (bioderived) chemical intermediates.⁶

Keywords: heterogeneous catalysis, biomass, biofuels, chemical cascade, 

Figure 1. Cascade deacetalisation‐Knoevenagel condensation of dimethyl acetals over BMA.

References

1.   Chu, S.; Majumdar, A. Nature 2012, 488, 294-303.

2.   Abbas, A.; Cross, M.; Duan, X.; Jeschke, S.; Konarova, M.; Huber, G.W.; Lee, A.F.; Lovell, E.C.; Lim, J.Y.C.; Polyzos, A.; Richards, R.; Wilson, K. One Earth 2024, 7, 738-741.

3.   Isaacs, M.A.; Parlett, C.M.A.; Robinson, N.; Durndell, L.J.; Manayil, J.C.; Beaumont, S. K.; Jiang, S.; Hondow, N.S.; Lamb, A.C.; Jampaiah, D.; Johns, M.L.; Wilson, K; Lee, A.F. Nat. Catal. 2020,

3, 921-931.

4.   Shivhare, A.; Hunns, J.A.; Durndell, L.J.; Parlett, C.M.A.; Isaacs, M.A.; Lee, A.F.; Wilson, K. ChemSusChem 2020, 13, 4945-4953.

5.   Chhetri, A.; Maibam, A.; Maniam, S.; Babarao, R.; Wilson, K.; Lee, A.F.; J Mitra, ChemSusChem 2024, 17, e202400866.

6.   Dolan, D.; Brucato, R.; Reid, C.; Lee, A.F., Wilson, K.; Voutchkova-Kostal, A.M. Chem. Sci. 2024, 15, 20223-20239.

Environment-Friendly Nanocellulose: Catalysis, Surface Engineering, and Sustainable Emulsifier Applications

Lee Hwei Voon^a,*

^aNanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: leehweivoon@um.edu.my

Abstract

The high demand for fossil-based polymers and non-biological inorganic nanoparticles, which pose risks to human health, environment and lack sustainability, has prompted a shift towards developing materials derived from biological sources. This research focuses on creating eco-friendly nanocellulose (nanocrystalline cellulose, NCC) from natural lignocellulosic biomass, which is plentiful in Malaysia due to its active agro-forestry economy. The nanocrystalline celluloses obtained from wood and agricultural residues are low in toxicity, versatile, and biocompatible, making them suitable for various green applications, such as in food and beverages, cosmetics, personal care, hygiene, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical products.

While NCC holds significant promise as a substitute for petroleum-based resources, it faces challenges due to the intricate production process and the natural hydrophilicity of nanocellulose, which diminishes the oil-water interface interaction necessary for the development of a wide range of products. Thus, an innovative process to isolate NCC from agricultural residues through a sustainable one-pot system, followed by surface modification of NCC was developed for amphiphilic characteristics. The structural, self-assembly, and physio-chemical properties of modified NCC towards the stabilization between liquid-oil interfaces was investigated. In addition, interfacial rheology, microstructure of the emulsions, as well as particles’ location (NCC & oil droplets) were conducted to explore the formulation of liquid-, gel-, and cream-based products.

The group has successfully developed several modified nanocrystalline celluloses with multiple functions, serving as natural nano-additives for a wide range of colloid stabilization or liquid/liquid dispersion formulations. This invention presents opportunities for collaboration with various industries in the production of emulsifiers, rheology modifiers, dietary fibers, lipophilic drug carriers, nutrient carriers, dietary lipid-absorbing agents, food conditioners, and more.

Keywords: Agriculture residues & wastes, catalytic process, sustainable product, bio-based nanoparticles, green application  

References

1. Yazid, N. A., Tan, K. Y., Khor, S. M., & Lee, H. V. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 291, 138876. (2025).
2. Yahya, M., Sakti, S. C. W., Fahmi, M. Z., Chuah, C. H., & Lee, H. V. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 257, 128696. (2024).
3. Chen, Y. W., & Lee, H. V. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 36(2), 215-235. (2020).
4. Chen, Y. W., Lee, H. V., & Abd Hamid, S. B. Carbohydrate polymers, 157, 1511-1524. (2017)

Precision Catalysis Towards Carbon Neutrality

Gang Fu^a,*

^aCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

*Corresponding author: gfu@xmu.edu.cn

Abstract

Precision catalysis represents an emerging frontier vital to achieving global carbon neutrality goals. It encompasses targeted manipulation of catalytic systems to precisely control reaction outcomes, reduce environmental impact, and optimize renewable energy usage. Recent exemplary studies from the our group highlight the successful application of precision catalysis across various scales, spanning from atomic-level active site optimization, surface dynamics and tailored reaction pathway. Targeting key reaction systems such as catalytic hydrogenation/dehydrogenation, we systematically reveal the electronic structure characteristics and dynamic evolution patterns of active sites on catalytic surfaces and interfaces through multi-scale simulation methods combining density functional theory, machine learning potential, and molecular dynamics. We specifically discuss several important catalytic systems: 1) the mechanism of alkyne semi-hydrogenation on alloy catalyst surfaces; 2) the influence of oxide surface/interface structures on CO₂ hydrogenation; 3) the formation mechanism of Rh-Inx singleatom alloy catalysts and their impact on the direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene; 4) the regulation of B-based oxide coordination structures on C-H bond dissociation and O₂ activation in propane oxidative dehydrogenation. Furthermore, we outline the key challenges that lie ahead, as well as the critical research avenues required to propel the field forward. We focus on the cutting-edge advancements of theoretical chemistry methods in elucidating catalytic surface reaction mechanisms and rational catalyst design. Keywords: DFT calculations, surface dynamics, strong metal-oxide interaction, alloy effect

Keywords: DFT calculations, surface dynamics, strong metal-oxide interaction, alloy effect

References

1.    Zhou, L.; Zhuo, L.; Yuan, R.; Fu, G., WIRE-Comput. Mol. Sci. 2021, e1531

2.    Jiang, L.; Liu, K.; Hung, S.-F. et al. Nature Nanotech. 2020, 15 (10), 848.

3.    Zhou, W.; Li, L.; Qin, R. et al. Sci. China-Chem. 2022, 65 (4), 726.

4.   Zeng, L., Cheng, K., Sun, F., et al. (2024). Science, 383(6686), 998.

Finding Alternatives to the Many Uses of PFAS

Ian T, Cousins

Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.

*Corresponding author: ian.cousins@aces.su.se

Abstract

Globally, the momentum to phase out the “non-essential” uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is growing based on concerns regarding their high persistence and other hazardous properties that trigger additional concerns. In Europe, such a broad phaseout of PFAS was taken a step towards reality when the national authorities of five European countries submitted a restriction proposal under the REACH Regulation to restrict the manufacture, placing on the market and use of PFAS. Simultaneously, however, there is a recognition among regulators that an outright ban on all PFAS uses is neither practical nor feasible in the short term given their wide use in modern society, including in the green energy transition and healthcare. In a recent study published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology, we assessed potential alternatives to PFAS across 325 applications in 18 industries and identified 530 PFAS-free alternatives. While many chemical substitutes were found, the research also highlighted the importance of considering material innovations, process changes, and entirely new technologies. These alternatives can often offer safer, more sustainable solutions than simple chemical substitution. Our study, which was part of the ZeroPM project, employed a functional substitution approach, mapping PFAS according to the functions they fulfil in an application. For 40 applications, potential alternatives to PFAS are already available. However, for 83 applications no suitable alternatives could be identified, underscoring critical research gaps. Furthermore, some identified chemical substitutes raised new concerns, with 31% of the alternatives potentially introducing unforeseen hazards. Our study emphasised the urgent need for collaboration within industry and across sectors, as well as the importance of open data sharing. The ZeroPM alternatives database, available online, aims to centralise knowledge on PFAS-free options, helping regulators and industry leaders make informed decisions.

Keywords: functional substitution, regrettable substitution, alternatives assessment, PFAS-free, database

Reference:

1.     Figuière, R., Savvidou, E.K.; Miaz, L.T., Cousins, I.T. (2025) An overview of potential alternatives for the multiple uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) Environ. Sci. Technol. 59, 4, 2031–2042. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.4c09088

Photothermal Catalysis for Reforming of Methane

Hongqi Sun* , Jinqiang Zhang

School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA6009, Australia

*Corresponding author: hongqi.sun@uwa.edu.au

Abstract

Renewable energies, for example, solar energy has long been contributing to sustaining life and driving natural processes across ecosystems on Earth.[1] Artificial photosynthesis, i.e., photocatalysis, has been demonstrated effective for a range of applications. In recent years, its role has been expanded and strengthened, emerging as a promising alternative to address the pressing challenges of the global energy crisis and climate change. That could innovate conventional thermal catalysis for processing fossil fuels, e.g., dry or steam reforming of methane. However, the solar utilisation efficiency is low, because long wave light of solar heat effect cannot be utilised in photocatalysis. This talk will explore various opportunities for converting solar energy into sustainable fuels and valuable chemicals with full spectrum energy utilisation. By examining materials design, catalytic reactions, and process engineering, we can unlock innovative pathways, for example, photothermal catalysis, for harnessing sunlight in new ways. [2,3] Particular attention will be paid to solar-assisted reforming processes for methane to produce hydrogen or syngas. Additionally, the discussion will highlight how solar energy can serve as a cornerstone for the future of chemical manufacturing, potentially reducing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. In this way, solar energy stands as a pivotal resource, both for our sustainable future on Earth and for exploring humanity's next frontier.

Keywords: solar energy; photothermal catalysis; reforming; methane; hydrogen

References

1.   Sun, H., Solar-to-Chemical Conversion: Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Processes, 2021, Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/9783527825073

2.   Zhang, J.Q.; Chen, H.J.; Duan, X.G.; Sun, H.Q.; Wang, S.B. Mater. Tod., 2023, 568, 234-253.

3.   Zhang, J.Q.; Xie, K.; Jiang, Li, Y. M.; Tan, X.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, X.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, H.; Wu, M.; Sun, H.; Wang, H. ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 10855-10865. 

Customization of Biomimetic Photosynthetic Systems

Yujie Xiong^a,b,*

^aAnhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China

^bSchool of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

*Corresponding author: yjxiong@ustc.edu.cn

Abstract

Photosynthesis is the largest process of chemical transformation and energy conversion in nature. However, there are bottlenecks such as limited light harvesting capacity and limited chemical transformation pathways. Therefore, it is highly necessary to develop biomimetic photosynthetic systems to meet human substance and energy needs. This talk will present the concepts for developing biomimetic photosynthetic systems from two different perspectives. One is to transform the natural photosynthetic system. By using artificial materials with high light harvesting performance for light absorption, electrons are transferred to edited biological units, and specific chemical transformation products are obtained through pathway regulation, thus breaking through the bottleneck of natural photosynthetic system. The other is to learn from the natural photosynthetic system. By mimicking the structures, principles and functions of organisms in nature, catalytic materials and devices suitable for energy capture, conversion and storage are designed, and multiphase flow enhancement methods are developed for mass and energy transfer processes, achieving the goal of "learning from nature and surpassing nature". We look forward to future scientific discoveries based on these two research themes, which can converge to form a toolbox for creating biomimetic photosynthetic systems, ultimately achieving customization of biomimetic photosynthetic systems.

Keywords: artificial photosynthesis; photocatalysis; biocatalysis; carbon cycle.

References

1.     Hu, Y.; Yu, C.; Wang, S.; Wang, Q.; Reinhard, M; Zhang, G.; Zhan, F.; Wang, H.; Skoien, D.; Kroll, T.; Su, P.; Li, L.; Chen, A.; Liu, G.; Lv, H.; Sokaras, D.; Gao, C.; Jiang, J.; Tao, Y.; Xiong, Y. Nat. Catal., 2025, 8, 126-136.

2.     Liu, G.; Zhong, Y.; Liu, Z.; Wang, G.; Gao, F.; Zhang, C.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Ma, J.; Hu, Y.; Chen, A.; Pan, J.; Min, Y.; Tang, Z.; Gao, C.; Xiong, Y. Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 2636.

3.     Cui, X.; Bai, H.; Zhang, J.; Liu, R.; Yu, H.; Wang, Y.; Kong, T.; Gao, M. Y.; Lu, Z.; Xiong, Y. Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 9048.

4.     Gao, F.; Liu, G.; Chen, A.; Hu, Y.; Wang, H.; Pan, J.; Feng, J.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Y.; Min, Y.; Gao, C.; Xiong, Y. Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 6783.

5.     Ye, J.; Wang, C.; Gao, C.; Fu, T.; Yang, C.; Ren, G.; Lu, J.; Zhou, S.; Xiong, Y. Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 6612.

Carrier and Mass Transport at the Electrolyte Interface

Zheng Liu^a,*

^aNanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798

*Corresponding author:z.liu@ntu.edu.sg

Abstract

Achieving sustainable energy requires advancements in both green energy production and energy efficiency. This presentation addresses carrier and mass transport phenomena at the electrolyte interface to improve the performance of electrocatalysts for sustainable energy conversion. We first examine the semiconductor-electrolyte interface using two-dimensional (2D) materials as model systems. Conventional Schottky-junction models fail to explain high carrier accumulations in ultrathin semiconductor catalysts. Inspired by ion-controlled electronics, we unveiled a universal "selfgating" phenomenon using in-situ microcell measurements. This clarifies electronic-conduction modulation during electrocatalysis and reveals a surface conductance mechanism: semiconductor type strongly correlates with activity. Secondly, to address mass transport limitations related to gas evolution at high current densities, we introduce an innovative on-chip microcell-based TIRF platform to investigate nanobubble nucleation dynamics on graphene-supported Pt films. A key strategy involves incorporating interfacial metal layers (IMLs) to regulate bubble nucleation. The introduction of a titanium (Ti) IML triggers delocalized nanobubble evolution (DNE), where nanobubbles form on both the Pt sites and graphene support. DFT calculations show Ti promotes electron transfer, lowering the hydrogen spillover barrier, and facilitating hydrogen migration to the graphene support. Furthermore, microcell measurements demonstrate enhanced HER for Pt-Ti-graphene, attributed to DNE. These results highlight the significance of carrier transport, mass transport, and novel material designs in developing advanced electrocatalysts for sustainable energy.

Keywords: 2D materials, mass transport, electrolyte interface 

References

1.     Yongmin He, et al., Self-gating in semiconductor electrocatalysis, Nature Materials 2019, 18, 1098.

2.     Yongmin He, et al., Amorphizing noble metal chalcogenide catalysts at the single-layer limit towards hydrogen production, Nature Catalysis 2022, 5, 212.

3.     Shasha Guo, et al., Nanoscale Identification of Local Strain Effect on TMD Catalysis, JACS 2024 146, 31920.

4.     Shasha  Guo,  et   al.,  Separating  nanobubble  nucleation  for   transfer-resistance-free electrocatalysis, Nature Communications 2025, 16, 919.

Solar-Assisted CO2 Reduction: From Mechanistic Understanding to Device Engineering

Jinlong Gong^a,b*

^aSchool of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemical Science & Engineering; Tianjin, 300072, China.

^bTianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.

^*Corresponding author: jlgong@tju.edu.cn

Abstract

Artificial photosynthesis is a key technology for achieving carbon neutrality and enabling a sustainable future. As a critical component of this process, solar-assisted (photo)electrochemical CO₂ reduction—the “dark reaction” of artificial photosynthesis—has garnered significant attention. Advancing this field requires both a deep mechanistic understanding and systematic engineering of the reaction systems. Through kinetic studies, we have identified the rate-determining steps for the formation of various products. By integrating theoretical calculations with in-situ spectroscopic techniques, we elucidate the relationship between active site structures and CO₂ conversion pathways. These mechanistic insights have informed the development of site-selective strategies for constructing highly active catalysts. Furthermore, using multiphysics simulations, we reveal how mass and charge transport processes influence the performance of membrane electrode assemblies, providing guidance for the scalable design of electrolyzers. Incorporating principles of energy coupling into system design has allowed us to establish matching criteria between solar energy input and electrolyzer operation. By optimizing temperature, flow dynamics, and concentration profiles, we demonstrate stable production of multi-carbon products under scalable conditions. Our work contributes to bridging the gap between fundamental research and practical implementation, advancing the development of efficient, solar-assisted CO₂ reduction systems.

Keywords: CO₂ reduction, photoelectrochemical, electrocatalysis, Cu catalysts  

References

1.   Cheng, D.; Zhao, Z.-J.; Zhang, G., Yang, P.; Li, L.; Gao, H.; Liu, S.; Chang, X.; Chen, S.; Wang, T. Ozin, G. A.; Liu, Z.; Gong, J.*, Nature Commun. 2021, 12, 395.

2.    Zhang, G.; Wang, T.; Zhang, M.; Li, L.; Cheng, D.; Zhen, S.; Wang, Y.; Qin, J.; Zhao, Z.-J.; Gong, J.* Nature Commun. 2022, 13, 7768.

3.   Zhao, J.; Zhang, P.; Yuan, T.; Cheng, D.; Zhen, S.; Gao, H.; Wang, T.; Zhao, Z.-J.; Gong, J.*, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 6622-6627.

4.   Deng, W.; Zhang, P.; Qiao, Y.; Kastlunger, G.; Govindarajan, N.; Xu, A.; Chorkendorff, I.; Seger. B.*, Gong, J.*, Nature Commun. 2024, 15, 892.

5.   Li, S.; Zhang, G.; Ma, X.; Gao, H.; Fu, D.; Wang, T.; Zeng, J.; Zhao, Z.-J.; Zhang P.*; Gong, J.*, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 46, 31927-31934.

6.   Wang, Q.; Liu, B.; Wang, S.; Zhang, P.; Wang, T.*; Gong, J.*, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2024, 121, e2316724121.

Ultrafast Dynamics of Catalytic Reaction in Quantum Materials

Chih-Wei Luo^a,b*

^aDepartment of Electrophysics, Institute of Physics and Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan

^bNational Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan

*Corresponding author: cwluoep@nycu.edu.tw

Abstract

Recently, the great economic and environmental interest in producing clean fuel and chemicals through water splitting or solar-driven CO2 reduction has been promoted worldwide, practically using 2D layered materials. In this talk, I will take the MoS₂ and CuInP₂S₆ as examples of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Because of the ultrathin nature of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) catalysts, the buildup of electrolyte ions across the nanometer-scale electrochemical double layer (ECDL) may cause the formation of excitons and trions in monolayer (ML)-MoS₂ during HER, similar to those observed in gate-controlled FET devices^1,2. Using the distinct carrier relaxation dynamics of excitons and trions as sensitive descriptors, an in-situ micro-cell-based ultrafast time-resolved liquid cell microscopy (TR-LCM) is set up to simultaneously probe the ultrafast carrier dynamics and electrochemical reactions at ML-MoS₂ catalyst during HER process³. It is found that the whole surface of MoS₂ becomes “trion-dominant” as the potential is at HER-on state while it becomes “exciton-dominant” as the potential is at HER-off state. Through 2D mapping image on the evolution of the individual constituents of excitons and trions on ML MoS₂ surface during HER, the interplay between exciton/trion dynamics and electrocatalytic activity of ML MoS₂ affected by electrolyte gating during HER process can be unequivocally revealed. This in-situ probing technique provides an excellent platform to explore carrier behaviors at the atomic layer/liquid electrolyte interfaces during the electrocatalytic reaction of 2D TMDs. Moreover, we also investigate the substantial influence of ferroelectric polarization on the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction efficiency, utilizing the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition and polarization alignment through electrical poling, and unveil its underlying mechanism by pump-probe spectroscopy⁴ . These findings pave the way for manipulating electronic polarizations regulated through ferroelectric or magnetic modulations in 2D layered materials to advance the efficiency of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

Keywords: hydrogen evolution reaction, photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, ultrafast dynamics,

References

1.   Mouri, S.; Miyauchi, Y.; Matsuda, K. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 5944−5948.

2.   Ross, J. S.; Wu, S.; Yu, H.; Ghimire, N. J.; Jones, A. M.; Aivazian, G.; Yan, J.; Mandrus, D. G.; Xiao, D.; Yao, W.; Xu, X. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 1474.

3.   Hsiao, F. H.; Chung, C. C.; Chiang, C. H.; Feng, W. N.; Tzeng, W. Y.; Lin, H. M.; Tu, C. M.; Wu, H. L.; Wang, Y. H.; Woon, W. Y.; Chen, H. C.; Chen, C. H.; Lo, C. Y.; Lai, M. H.; Chang, Y. M.; Lu, L. S.; Chang, W. H.; Chen, C. W.; Luo, C. W. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 4298-4307.

4.   Chiang, C.-H.; Lin, C.-C.; Lin, Y.-C.; Huang, C.-Y.; Lin, C.-H.; Chen, Y.-J.; Ko, T.-R.; Wu, H.-L.; Tzeng, W.-Y.; Ho, S.-Z.; Chen, Y.-C.; Ho, C.-H.; Yang, C.-J.; Cyue, Z.-W.; Dong, C.-L.; Luo, C.-W.; Chen, C.-C.; Chen, C.-W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 23278– 23288.

Towards Precision Control of Chemical Reactions on Metal Surfaces for Green Chemistry

Nanfeng Zheng^a,b*

^aCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,China

^bInnovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China

*Corresponding author: nfzheng@xmu.edu.cn

Abstract

The surface and interface of solids is the place where many chemical reactions take place. How to achieve precise control of chemical reactions at solid surfaces and interfaces is a long-term challenge in heterogeneous catalysis. Although surface modification has been well documented as an important means to optimize heterogeneous catalysts, the mechanistic understanding of how surface modification manipulates heterogeneous catalysis is still severely lacking. In this presentation, we will discuss our ongoing research efforts to understand how the organic/inorganic coordinative species on metal surfaces manipulate their catalytic properties. Based on the development of new methods to construct model metal materials to resolve the molecular level structures of typical metal-organic and metal-support interfaces, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms of related interfaces in catalysis from the perspective of coordination chemistry. The understanding has been successfully applied to optimize the chemical properties of metal nanomaterials for green chemistry. The coupling of the developed techniques with renewable electricity will be discussed too.

Keywords: surface and interface coordination chemistry, Selective hydrogenation, hydrogen economy

References

1.   Qiao, M.; Wu, Q.; Wang, Y.; Gao, S.; Qin, R.; Liu, S.; Ding, K.; Zhao, D.; Zheng, N. Chem 2024, 10, 3385-3395.

2.   Wu, Q.; Su, W.; Huang, R.; Shen, H.; Qiao, M.; Qin, R.; Zheng, N. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202408731.

3.   Liu, K.; Qin, R.; Zheng, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 4483-4499.

4.   Hu, C.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, W.; Zou, W.; Liu, S.; Fang, X.; Su, X.; Zheng, N. Joule 2025, 9, 101807.

5.   Tao, H. B.; Liu, H.; Lao, K.; Pan, Y.; Tao, Y.; Wen, L.; Zheng, N. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2024, 19, 1074-1076.

Effective Layered Double Hydroxide based Nanostructured Photocatalysts for Nitrogen Fixation

Tierui Zhang*

Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10190, Chin.

*Corresponding author: tierui@mail.ipc.ac.cn

Abstract

The activation and conversion of nitrogen is one of the most challenging topics in modern chemistry. Industrial nitrogen fixation requires severe reaction conditions of high temperature and high pressure, and at the same time will emit a large amount of greenhouse gases causing serious environmental problems. Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation is considered as a promising artificial nitrogen fixation technology. At present, the performance of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation still needs to be further improved, and it is urgent to develop low-cost and efficient photocatalytic materials. Layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based nanomaterials have attracted much attention due to their advantages of easy structure regulation and simple preparation. In recent years, by creating defect sites on the surface of LDH-based materials, our research group has achieved enhanced adsorption and activation of N₂ reactants, thus significantly improving the photocatalytic nitrogen fixation performance. ^[1-10]

Keywords: photocatalysis, defect, nitrogen fixation, layered double hydroxide

References

1.   Zhang, T., et al. Adv. Mater. 2025, 2420199

2.   Zhang, T, et al. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 789

3.   Zhang, T., et al. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 1909

4.   Zhang, T., et al. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35 (44), 2307217

5.   Zhang, T., et al. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2207793

6.   Zhang, T., et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202211469

7.   Zhang, T., et al. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002199

8.   Zhang, T., et al. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 1375

9.   Zhang, T., et al. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1806482

10. Zhang, T., et al. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 170466

Applying Prequestioning as a Learning Strategy

Fun Man Fung*^a, Steven C. Pan^b

^aUniversity College Dublin, Ireland

^bNational University of Singapore, Singapore

^*Corresponding author: funman.fung@ucd.ie

Abstract

Prequestioning is a learning strategy where students take practice tests on upcoming material and then review the correct answers. While effective in lab studies, it has rarely been tested in real classrooms. In this study, we applied prequestioning as an interactive, hands-on activity in a small undergraduate environmental chemistry course. Over 10 lecture sessions, the instructor gave four prequestions on concepts for the next lecture, allowing students to guess answers before revealing the correct ones. Assessments in the following session showed a prequestioning effect, with stronger performance on prequestioned concepts compared to non-prequestioned ones in most cases. This benefit highlights prequestioning’s potential as a practical and cost-effective method for enhancing learning in undergraduate chemistry and similar courses.

Keywords:

Learning Strategy, Prequestioning, Pretesting, Environmental Chemistry, Retrieval Practice

References

1.     Pan, S. C.; Han, J. Y.; Fung, F. M. Using Prequestioning as a Hands-On Activity to Support Undergraduate Student Learning. J. Chem. Educ. 2025, ASAP. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c01405

2.     Fung, F. M. Application of Learning Sciences to Improve Performance in Chemistry. In 10

Things You Must Know about the International Chemistry Olympiad (ICHO): A Guide to the

IChO Competition: Revised Edition (pp. 81-104). 2023, World Scientific Publishing Co.

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811217388_0003

3.     Pan, S. C.; Carpenter, S. K. Prequestioning and Pretesting Effects: A Review of Empirical Research, Theoretical Perspectives, and Implications for Educational Practice. Educ Psychol Rev. 2023, 35 (4), 97.  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10648-023-09814-5

Exploring The Potential of Virtual Reality to Help Students Learn Chemical Concepts

Mauro Mocerino^a*, Henry Matovu^b, Dewi Ayu Kencana Ungu^c, Mihye Won^d, David Treagust^e, Ricardo Bruno Hernandez-Alvarado^e, Roy Tasker^f, Chin-Chung Tsai^g

^aScience and Engineering, Curtin University, Australia

^bScience, University of Sydney, Australia

^cEducation, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

^dEducation, Monash University, Australia

^eEducation, Curtin University, Australia

^fScience, Western Sydney University, Australia

^gEducation, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

*Corresponding author: m.mocerino@curtin.edu.au

Abstract

Immersive virtual reality (iVR) offers a powerful educational tool, enabling students and researchers to explore virtual environments that are either inaccessible or difficult to access in the real world. In chemistry education, iVR provides an opportunity to visualize and interact with molecular structures at a level of detail that would be impossible in a traditional classroom. Beyond chemistry, iVR has been applied across a range of disciplines such as astronomy, geology, biology, and medicine. However, the full educational potential of immersive VR remains underexplored.¹ We have developed three immersive VR activities where students actively assemble and explore molecular structures to understand molecular shape, polarity, and intermolecular forces. In these iVR activities, students collaborate and navigate the shared virtual environment to address big questions such as "Why do snowflakes have hexagonal symmetry?" and "Why does D-phenylalanine taste sweet?"and "Why are enzymes such good catalysts?" In this presentation, we will describe the VR learning activities we have developed and share some evaluations of their effectiveness.

Keywords: Immersive virtual reality, Intermolecular forces, H-bonding, Collaborative learning, 

References

1.   Matovu, H., Ungu, D. A. K., Won, M., Tsai, C.-C., Treagust, D. F., Mocerino, M., & Tasker, R., Immersive virtual reality for science learning: Design, implementation, and evaluation. Studies in Science Education, 2023, 59(2), 205–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057267.2022.2082680

2.   Matovu, H., Won, M., Treagust, D. F., Ungu, D. A. K., Mocerino, M., Tsai, C.-C., & Tasker, R., Change in students' explanation of the shape of snowflakes after collaborative immersive virtual reality. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 2022, 24(2), 509–525. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RP00176D

3.   Matovu, H., Won, M., Tasker, R., Mocerino, M., Treagust, D. F., Ungu, D. A. K., & Tsai, C.-C., ‘‘It is not just the shape, there is more’’: Students’ learning of enzyme–substrate interactions with immersive virtual reality. Chemistry Education Research and Practice. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4rp00210e 

Structuring Student Learning Experiences and Developing Skills: Aligning Outcomes, Activities, and Assessment

Renée Cole*

University of Iowa

*Corresponding author: renee-cole@uiowa.edu

Abstract

There is a clear need to help students become more proficient in skills and science practices that will strengthen the workplace and ultimately help solve worldwide challenges in energy, food, technology, and the environment. While the development of these skills is often a general goal for courses and programs, the cultivation of these skills is seldom explicitly discussed or assessed in the classroom. By ensuring that learning outcomes, assessments, and instructional actions are aligned, instructors provide students with coherent curricular opportunities to develop their knowledge and skills and increase the likelihood that instructional actions are appropriate to achieving the desired learning outcomes. Constructive alignment that supports achievement of skills and science practices requires appropriate tasks designed to engage students and approaches to assessment that provide information to both students and instructors on the skill/practice in addition to the “correctness” of the result. The types of assessment used by an instructor also telegraph to students what is valued in a course. However, in many instances, the lack of alignment between instructional methods and assessment detracts from the added value of engaged student learning environments. Our work has included both the analysis of typical practice, outcomes of professional development designed to support evidence-based instructional practices, and the creation of rubrics designed to assess and provide feedback on skills and science practices.^1-3 We have used Marzano’s taxonomy to characterize instructional tasks from a variety of contexts and have extended this work to analyze classroom discourse to investigate how task design can influence student engagement.^4-5 This work provides insights into how instructors can design and align course components to develop more effective learning environments.

Keywords: Curriculum design, Assessment, Professional Skills, Science Practices

Improving the Public Perception of Science/Chemistry Through Simple Experiments Connected with Daily Life

Samita Maitra^a and Uday Maitra^b*

^aB.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore 560019, India.

^bIndian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India

*maitra@iisc.ac.in

Abstract

Among high school students, interest in studying natural sciences in general, and in chemistry in particular has been facing a challenge during the past two decades. This issue seems to be a global one. While the reasons are manifold, we believe that the importance of applied science cannot be realized unless a sizable proportion of students pursue higher studies in natural science. To increase awareness in science and chemistry, I have been actively interacting with school children, college students and the public during the past two decades. This is accomplished through lectures, videos and hands-on experiments that connect directly or indirectly to real life. The level of the experiments, and the language used for the explanation are always tailored to the target audience, which works out very well. Currently we both are working together as the number of experiments that are covered during these awareness programs has increased on popular demand. Demonstrating experiments in real time in front of numerous curious students is exciting and each time their enthusiasm is contending. Our recent 5- day workshop for 9th grade school children who were given hands-on training on the use of readily available ingredients to understand fundamental principles of chemistry made us motivated. While we do not have any quantitative data, we invariably get very positive feedback from the students, at times several years later! In this lecture, we will share our experiences and highlight the importance of choosing relevant experiments and appropriate communication to improve the understanding of science among nonscientific groups.

Keywords: science communication; experimental demonstration;

Texts in Chemistry Education: Difficulties in Translation

Denis M. Zhilin

“Skolca” School, Moscow, Russia

zhila2000@mail.ru

Abstract

Translation of texts in chemistry education is essential for sharing of experience between different nationalities and for chemistry teachers who became displaced persons. However a translator should overcome many difficulties – much more than for chemistry texts. Any text has three aspects: grammatical (how it is written), semantic (what information it contains) and pragmatic (what is it written for). In grammatical aspect the difficulties depend on the languages; in semantic – on the topic and in pragmatic – on the communities that communicate by translation. We presume that translated texts are read to apply the described ideas. It is the pragmatic aspect of the translation. If the ideas elaborated within the language L1 are not applicable for the environment where people speak the language L2 we get the pragmatic difficulties. Here are the examples.

• “Empty denotate” – the object described by a term from L1 that is absent in L2 environment (as the program for training Spartan children “Agoga” for the modern European languages).
• Difference in connotation: a word that has positive connotation in one culture has negative connotation in another. Semantic aspect gives the wide set of difficulties around the meaning of the terms.
• “False friends”: pedagogical term directly transposed form one language can have completely different meaning in another.
• Ambiguity: a term in one language has several meanings that should be translated by different terms in another meaning.
• Confusions in L1: in many texts the terms are used incorrectly and the translation should improve it.
• «Private» systems of terms elaborated by some group of educators claiming that they have invented some new approach whereas they just have renamed or rearranged well-known terms.

To overcome some of these difficulties we launched the project “Multilanguage dictionary of terms in chemistry education”.

Keywords: pedagogical terms, translation, chemistry education

Zoom Out, Wake Up: Connecting Chemistry with What Matters

Seamus Delaney^a,*

^a School of Education, Deakin University, Australia.

* Corresponding author: s.delaney@deakin.edu.au

Abstract

Students in today’s classrooms are aware of global environmental challenges, and they expect their education to provide them the knowledge and skills on how to respond. Given they will live through a period defined by the disruption of climate impacts, they will need to be able to take an active role in supporting both themselves and others to adapt to an ever-changing world. If they don’t, society-level decisions will be made for them, likely at a consequence to their economic status and livelihood. This will be the reality for every young person currently in school. Chemistry education must therefore also align to this reality, embedding the knowledge and skills needed for implement a just world across all levels of school curriculum.

Holistic approaches, such as systems thinking, harness contemporary science innovations focused on sustainable development to foster a sense of agency in both teachers and students, empowering them to tackle today’s critical societal challenges. However, teaching resources and professional learning opportunities have not kept pace with rapid industry advancements. An ongoing global survey of chemistry school teachers¹ is revealing a strong reliance on accessible, curriculum-aligned materials for teaching sustainability. This presentation will showcase recent achievements within the international chemistry education community, offering research-informed strategies to educators who aim to integrate systems thinking into their teaching. It will also remind the audience to not lose sight of the rationale for these curriculum changes: to address societal challenges in all their guises.

Keywords: systems thinking, sustainability, schoolteachers, education

References

1.   Delaney, S.; Chiavaroli, L.; Dissanayake, T.; Pham, L.; Schultz, M., Chem. Teach. Int., 2024, 6(3), 295–309.

Building A Global, Inclusive Community to Tackle Sustainability

Francesca M. Kerton^a*

^aDepartment of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.

*Corresponding author: fkerton@mun.ca 

Abstract

The Global Conversation on Sustainability was launched in 2022 by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) and IYCN (International Younger Chemists Network) to celebrate and highlight the role that chemistry can play in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.^1,2 This is an umbrella event that coordinates individual lectures, panel discussions, world cafés, and other formats organized by engaged individuals and organizations worldwide. This event has led to new collaborations between IUPAC, IYCN, and Beyond Benign, and empowered younger chemists around the world. For example, in 2024, IUPAC and Beyond Benign worked together to hold a webinar on sustainable lab practices with Dr. Thomas Freese (University of Gröningen) highlighting activities that can make labs safer and greener through systemic change.³ Similarly, Beyond Benign and the Lab Safety Institute (USA) worked together to enable a conversation on possible safer substitutions of methylene chloride (dichloromethane) by hosting a free webinar and panel discussion. IUPAC’s Chemical Research Applied to World Needs (CHEMRAWN) committee has similarly been working on materials to help scientists worldwide engage in systemic change. CHEMRAWN developed an e-waste resource webpage and supported a special issue of Chemistry Teacher International focused on education about e-waste.⁴ A new IUPAC project on Promoting Chemistry Applied to World Needs is currently underway and includes a webinar series in collaboration with Beyond Benign. In addition to webinars and online ‘real-time’ panel discussions, local safety and sustainability moments in group meetings, or discussion board chats (e.g. Green Chemistry Teaching and Learning Community, GCTLC) can help us all grow as a community, and improve safety and sustainability in an inclusive way. 

Keywords: Sustainability, Green Chemistry, Education, Safety, Outreach

References

1. Vidal, J. L.; Borges, J. Chemistry International, 2023, 45, 2, 10-16.

2. Christian-Robinson, S.; Kerton, F. M. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2024, 96, 1247-1255.

3. Freese, T.; Elzinga, N.; Heinemann, M.; Lerch, M. M.; Feringa, B. L. RSC Sustainability, 2024, 2, 1300-1336.

4. Kerton, F. M. Chemistry Teacher International, 2024, 6, 105-106.

EMPOWERING CHEMISTRY EDUCATION:

GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Supawan Tantayanon^a,*

^aDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University.

^*Corresponding author: supawan.t@chula.ac.th

Abstract

The integration of green chemistry principles into education plays a crucial role in advancing Sustainable Development. This keynote presentation will highlight innovative approaches to chemistry education in South and Southeast Asia, with a focus on small-scale chemistry experiments that promote sustainability, safety, and cost-efficiency. It will explore the transformative "Dow Chemistry Classroom" initiative, launched in Thailand in 2014, which introduced a groundbreaking model of teaching science by conducting hands-on laboratory experiments directly within high school classrooms.

The session will discuss how these educational innovations align with the broader goal of enhancing scientific and technological understanding for sustainable development and fostering scientific literacy among students. Through workshops and training programs, educators are empowered to design and implement experiments that minimize waste, promote safety, and adhere to the 12 principles of green chemistry. This hands-on approach not only improves the learning experience but also equips high school teachers to become catalysts for change, creating networks of trained educators who share knowledge and resources across the region.¹

The presentation will reflect on the successes, challenges, and key lessons learned from these educational initiatives, illustrating how green chemistry-based methods contribute to sustainable development.² It will also highlight IUPAC’s commitment to addressing global challenges, especially in advancing SDG 4 (inclusive and equitable quality education) through multidisciplinary educational projects. By empowering educators and fostering cross-border collaboration, these efforts contribute to building a more sustainable, scientifically literate future for South and Southeast Asia, aligning with IUPAC's mission to provide expertise that addresses critical world needs.

Keywords: green chemistry, sustainable development, small scale chemistry

Reference

1.      Tantayanon, S.; Giri, J.; Pandit, R.; Adhikari, R.; Boonyuen, S.; Zakaria, Z. Chem. Inter. 2023, October-December, 34-38.

2.      Tantayanon, S.; Faikhamta, C.; Prasoplarb,T.; Panyanukit, P. Chemi. Teach. Int., 2025, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/cti-2024-0091.

Advancing Green Chemistry Through the Eco Friendly Synthesis and Applications of Functional Materials

Aurelia Vișa a,*, Marcela Iosivonia , Nicoleta Pleșu a , Bianca Maranescub

^aRomanian Academy,”Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, 24 Mihai Viteazu Blv, 300223 Timișoara, România,

^bDepartment of Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University,16 Pestalozzi Street, 300115 Timisoara, Romania 

*Corresponding author: apascariu@yahoo.com

Abstract

Functional materials encompass various material classes designed for specific applications by tailoring their properties. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a class of functional materials, recognized by their exceptional adaptability with applications in sensing, gas storage, catalysis, drug delivery, and environmental remediation. Green approaches to MOF synthesis aim to reduce environmental effects by lowering hazardous chemicals, waste creation, and energy usage, all while maintaining or improving the materials characteristics and performance^1,2. In this perspective, it is herein reported our recent work on some illustrative examples of how MOFs can be synthesized using greener alternative reaction pathways, Figure 1, such as solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis, microwave, ultrasound-assisted techniques, electrochemical, and the use of eco-friendly solvents. 

Figure 1. Eco-friendly synthesis of functional materials

Several two-component or three-component MOFs synthesis and their applications in catalysis, as adsorbent materials for water pollution remediation, or their electrochemical activity of metal phosphides are presented, starting from various metals: Co, Ni, Zn, Cu; Ce, phosphonic acids: vinylphosphonic acid, phosphonoacetic acid, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid; and co-ligand imidazole (Im)^3,4. This knowledge will present new opportunities and challenges for future research⁵ .

Keywords: green chemistry, metal organic frameworks, phosphonates

Green & Sustainable Chemistry for Maximising Agricultural Productivity

Antonio F. Patti

Monash University, School of Chemistry, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3800

Corresponding author: tony.patti@monash.edu

Abstract

Green and Sustainable Chemistry approaches have a major role in maximising agricultural productivity, while also preserving the environment and protecting human health. The growing need for diverse food sources, more effective fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides with no detrimental human and environmental effects, greener surfactants and greener polymers for agriculture, all require an emphasis on green chemistry approaches.

Agricultural endeavours world-wide are primarily focused on food production. Globally, one third of food produced for human consumption is categorised as lost or waste, which equates to 1.3 billion tonnes per annum. This loss represents the waste of potentially valuable materials such as proteins, simple and complex carbohydrates and lignin (collectively termed lignocellulose), oils and secondary metabolite extractives. In this presentation, several topics and relevant examples for valorising this by-product or discarded biomass will be presented.

A systematic approach first involves determining the chemical composition of the biomass by a variety of standard methods to identify what is valuable¹ . Following the identification of the more highly valued and accessible components (eg pectin, pomegranate oil and other extractives) a number of strategies for the extraction and purification of selected components are described². Other examples of green chemistry applications in agriculture will be covered including: development of an organic based fertiliser for more efficient nitrogen delivery³ and the application of lignocellulose derived hydrogels for water retention in soils⁴.

In all cases, Green and Sustainable Chemistry approaches were applied to give valuable products such as pectin, pomegranate oil and nanocellulose. In addition, a more effective nitrogen fertiliser was achieved as well as the use of by-product lignocellulose for the preparation of a sprayable mulch that could replace current plastic mulches used in the field.

Keywords: Plant biomass, green chemistry, valorisation, pomegranate, fertilisers 

References:

 1. NREL Biomass Compositional Analysis Laboratory Procedures, https://www.nrel.gov/bioenergy/biomass-compositional-analysis.html

2. Banerjee, J.; Singh, R.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; MacFarlane, D., Patti, A.F.; Arora, A. Food Chemistry 2017, 225,  

   10–22

3. Saha, B.K.; Rose, M.T.; Wong, V.N.; Cavagnaro, T.R.; Patti, A.F. Nature Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 14577

    (1-10)

4. Stocker, C.W.; Wong, V.N.; Patti, A.F.; Garnier, G. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 2024, 11:15

Catalysis and Sustainability from Atom to Planetary Scale

Javier Pérez-Ramírez

Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering and NCCR Catalysis, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

*Corresponding author: jpr@chem.ethz.ch

Abstract

Ensuring a sustainable future for the chemicals and energy industries is a pressing global concern that has far-reaching impacts on the environment, human health, quality of life, and the economy. Catalysis plays a crucial role in this journey, constantly pushing the boundaries of conventional design to spearhead the transition towards defossilized and circular chemical manufacturing. This talk aims to illustrate the interdisciplinary and cross-scale mindset required to design catalysts that meet the ever-evolving sustainability criteria, bridging the gap between atom and planet.¹ Delving into the latest research from my laboratory, I will showcase how a deeper understanding of catalyzed processes is driving revolutionary technological advancements. Through case studies in key areas such as CO₂ valorization, polymer manufacture, and organic synthesis, I will exemplify how nanoscale engineering and the availability of increasingly powerful tools to access structural variations and mechanism under relevant conditions aid catalyst discovery. At the forefront of design, I will demonstrate the importance of precisely controlling the architecture, speciation, and dynamics of supported metals in low-nuclearity catalysts, highlighting the impact that even the smallest changes can have on performance. The presentation will touch on current frontiers in catalyst synthesis and characterization, and emphasize the critical role of quantitative metrics in guiding lowcarbon strategies.

Keywords: Catalysis, Nanoscale engineering, Circular carbon, Green chemistry, Sustainability

Reference

1. S. Mitchell, A.J. Martín, J. Pérez-Ramírez, Nat. Chem. Eng. 2024, 1, 13-15.

Green Approaches to Recycling of Polyester Wastes into Chemicals

Zhimin Liu*

^aInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

*Corresponding author: liuzm@iccas.ac.cn

Abstract

Chemical recycling of plastics into monomers or value-added chemicals is one of pivotal accesses to achieve a circular economy in the plastic life cycle, which also provides important way to access chemicals. Polyesters are a kind of major plastics widely applied in our life, and the spent polyesters can be decomposed via various strategies such as hydrolysis, alcoholysis, hydrogenolysis, aminolysis, which has attracted much attention. In our recent work, we developed several simple, green and highly efficient routes to depolymerize polyesters into their monomers and/or valuable chemicals, and the catalytic mechanism was also investigated.^1-6 For example, we presented ionic liquid-catalyzed aminolysis of polyesters including poly(lactic acid),¹ poly(bisphenol A carbonate)¹ and poly(succinates)² , and a series of N-containing chemicals such as N-aryl lactamides, ureas and N-substituted succinimides were accessed in high yields. We reported a novel and general strategy to degrade polyesters via directly breaking the C_alkoxy-O bond by nucleophilic substitution of halide anion of ionic liquids under mild conditions, producing relevant unsaturated carboxylic acids and alkenes, and in the presence of hydrogen and Pd/C saturated carboxylic acids and alkanes were obtained.³ We designed different catalytic systems for polyester degradation. Anatase TiO₂ supported Ru and Mo dual-atom catalysts achieved transformation of various polyesters into corresponding diols in 100% selectivity via hydrolysis and subsequent hydrogenation in water under mild conditions,⁴ and the ionic liquid-Pt/TiO₂ catalytic system achieved oxidative degradation of polycaprolactone with air into adipic acid via hydrolysis and subsequent oxidation in water.⁵ We also reported a novel strategy to upcycle polyamide wastes to tertiary amines with the assistance of H₂ in acetic acid under mild conditions, which was achieved over anatase TiO₂ supported Mo single atoms and Rh nanoparticles.⁶ I will present our recent work at the Symposium.

Keywords: Polyester wastes, recycling, chemicals, ionic liquids, catalyst

References

1.   Wu, F.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, Y. F.; Liu, Z. M.; et al., Sci. Adv., 2023, 9: eade7971.

2.   Wu, F.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, Y. F.; Liu, Z. M.; et al., Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, Article number: 712.

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4.   Tang, M. H.; Shen, J.; Zhao, Y. F.; Wang, D. S; Liu, Z. M.; et al., Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, Article number: 5630.

5.   Wang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Zeng, W.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, Z. M.; et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202424236.

6.   Tang, M. H.; Shen, J.; Zhao, Y. F.; Wang, D. S; Liu, Z. M.; et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202416436.

Quantum Dots-based Biosensor for Food Pathogen Detection

Jaafar Abdullah^1,2

¹Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Corresponding author: jafar@upm.edu.my

Abstract

The detection of foodborne pathogens is critical for ensuring food safety and agricultural productivity. Quantum dots (QDs), particularly carbon quantum dots (CQDs), have emerged as promising nanomaterials for biosensing applications due to their exceptional optical properties, biocompatibility, and stability. CQDs offer tuneable fluorescence, high quantum yield, and excellent water solubility, making them suitable for pathogen detection through DNA interaction and immunoreaction mechanisms. This study focuses on the development of a CQDs-based biosensor for the detection and monitoring of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7), a major foodborne pathogen that threatens human health, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo), rice bacterial leaf blight disease in rice leaf for agricultural applications. The biosensor operates by functionalizing CQDs with specific DNA probes, enabling high-affinity binding with E. coli O157:H7 via hybridization with target genetic sequences, which induces fluorescence signal changes that allow for sensitive and selective pathogen detection. While antibodies against Xoo bacterial cells are conjugated with CQDs and gold nanoparticles serving as bio-probes to initiate an immunoreaction between antibodies and target cells led to immuno-aggregation complex, triggering fluorescence signal changes. Furthermore, this study offers a new opportunity for nanomaterial-based optical DNA and immunoassay with advanced use of carbon quantum dots for prospective diagnostic of food safety and early screening of rice bacterial leaf blight disease in agricultural applications. The integration of CQDs-based biosensors with portable detection platforms can provide real-time monitoring capabilities, enhancing food safety and agricultural protection. This work underscores the potential of CQDs as an innovative and efficient biosensing platform for pathogen detection, offering a rapid, cost-effective, and highly sensitive alternative to conventional microbiological techniques. Future research should prioritize enhancing sensor performance, expanding field applicability, and developing multi-target detection capabilities to advance biosensors for comprehensive health diagnostics and agricultural monitoring.

Keywords: Carbon quantum dots, biosensor, DNA interaction, immunoreaction, pathogen

Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Natural α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl-Based Compounds on the Immune System

Ibrahim Jantan

Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: profibj@gmail.com

Abstract

α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds are considered to be the reactive substructures of natural products, hence, owing miscellaneous pharmacological activities i.e., potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, and immunomodulatory properties. The most important and widely studied α, β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds include the natural products, curcumin, chalcones, zerumbone and their analogs and derivatives. We synthesized different novel series of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds and they were investigated for various in vitro and in vivo activities.

The findings encouraged us to evaluate the effects of natural α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds on the innate and adaptive immune systems and hence explored the relationship between the inhibitory effects and chemical structures of the compounds. The compounds were investigated for their effects on phagocytosis process, specific actions on immune cells, effector mechanisms, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive species productions, and signaling pathways in human neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. The samples were also assessed for their in vivo modulatory effects on the humoral and cellular immune functions both in innate and adaptive immune responses in rats and mice. The findings indicate that α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds effectively inhibited the innate and adaptive immune responses in immune cells and animal models. Their anti-inflammatory activities were partially mediated by their suppressive effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, prostaglandin, COX-2 and NO production via NF‐κB, MAPKs and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. α, β-Unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds may serve as leads for development into potent immunomodulating agent in treating different immune related diseases particularly related to inflammatory disorders.

Keywords: α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds, immune systems, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppression.

Bridging Tradition and Science: Improving Indigenous Medicine in Sri Lanka

Paranagama P. A.^{a *}

Department of Chemistry, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

*Corresponding author: priyani@kln.ac.lk

Abstract

Indigenous medicine has long been a cornerstone of healthcare systems worldwide, particularly in regions with rich ethnomedical traditions. The use of herbal formulations rooted in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and traditional medical systems. Traditional knowledge has demonstrated remarkable potential for treating a wide range of ailments. However, the integration of these practices into modern healthcare systems necessitates enhancements in product quality and bioactivity to ensure efficacy, safety, and reproducibility. There are many studies focusing on developing systematic approaches to improve the quality and bioactivity of indigenous medicinal products, with an emphasis on standardization, scientific validation, and advanced formulation techniques. Key objectives include the identification of active compounds in underutilized medicinal plants, optimization of extraction methods to maximize bioactive yields, and the application of quality control measures such as chromatographic profiling and spectroscopic analysis. The role of cutting-edge technologies, such as nanotechnology and targeted delivery systems, is also explored to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of herbal medicines. Additionally, the research highlights the importance of preserving the traditional knowledge associated with indigenous medicine while incorporating modern scientific methodologies. Efforts to ensure sustainable sourcing of raw materials, minimize batch-to-batch variability, and comply with global regulatory standards are also emphasized. Case studies involving polyherbal formulations are presented to demonstrate improved antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities through process optimization. By bridging the gap between traditional wisdom and contemporary science, this study aims to elevate the global acceptance of indigenous medicine as a reliable and effective healthcare alternative. Enhancing product quality and bioactivity not only reinforces consumer confidence but also contributes to the economic empowerment of local communities engaged in the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. The findings highlight the potential for indigenous medicine to play a pivotal role in addressing current and emerging health challenges globally.

Keywords: Indigenous medicine, Ayurveda, Unani, medicinal plants 

References

1.     Jayawantha, D.; Hettigoda, L.; Mudalige, T.D.; Paranagama P.A. Exploring the Bioactivity of Siddhalepa Asamodagam Spirit from Seeds of Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) H. Wolff. Natural Product Communications. 2024,19(8): 1–15. DOI: 10.1177/1934578X241271629

2.     Jayasundara, Y.; Herath, N.; Buddhipala, A.; Bandara, M. D.; Jayasinghe, L.; Attanayake, R.;vPerera, D.; Paranagama, P. (2025) Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Properties of Salicornia brachiata: A Comparison of Drying Methods Natural Product Communications 20(1): 1–13.

3.     Gonawala, L.; Madhumaali, M.; Ismail, H.; Jayasooriya, N.; Wijekoon, N.; Rajapakshe, S.; Erangika, H.; Amaratunga, D.; Gunaratna, R.; Steinbusch, H.; Mohan, M.; Chiang, Y-U.; Paranagama, P.; de Silva, R. D.;  (2025) Phytochemistry and nutraceutical potential of Ceylon Cinnamomum species native to Sri Lanka, Natural Product Research, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2024.2438269 

4.     Jayaweera, U.; Hawala, N. K.;  Shivashekaregowda, Herapathdeniya, S. K. M. K.; Paranagama, P.A. (2024) Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and toxicity of Justicia adhatoda L.: a review, Discover Plants, https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-024-00042-xA

Gender Equality In The Chemical Sciences—An Intersectional Approach

Alejandra PALERMO

Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly London, W1J0BA, United Kingdom

Corresponding author: palermoa@rsc.org

Abstract

It is generally recognised that to get the very best scientific outputs we need a diversity of inputs and talents. However, progress is still slow and yet not well understood or actioned how to truly achieve diversity and how to ensure that those diverse inputs and talents are included, accepted, valued and empowered.

Current evidence shows that a continued challenge for gender equality exists, particularly in retaining and developing women into positions of leadership within the chemical sciences.

Given the global nature of our discipline and the scale of the issues identified, there is no doubt that it is imperative to work collaboratively across the community and increase the voice and representation of the Global South.

During my presentation, I will discuss the challenges and opportunities in making the chemical sciences fully inclusive and diverse. I will cover a broad range of topics including creating a global inclusive research culture, and challenging the traditional measures of career success, and, hopefully, identify next steps together.

Keywords: Inclusion, Diversity, Equality, Gender, Intersectionality 

Rising to Challenge: Harnessing Chemistry for Climate Action and Sustainable Future

Elizabeth Philip

Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) 52109 Kepong, Selangor.

^*Corresponding author: philip@frim.gov.my

Abstract

Climate change is no longer a distant concern—it is a present reality, marked by rising global temperatures, extreme weather, and disrupted ecosystems. In response, Sustainable Development Goal 13, set by the United Nations in 2015, emphasizes urgent and transformative action to combat climate change. One of the most powerful tools in this fight is chemistry. Chemistry plays a crucial role in understanding and addressing climate change by shedding light on key processes like greenhouse gas emissions, the carbon cycle, and atmospheric reactions. It helps identify and quantify greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O), assess carbon storage and release due to human activities, and predict climate impacts through atmospheric chemistry. Additionally, chemistry aids in developing climate models that simulate future scenarios and inform policy decisions. Beyond understanding climate change, chemistry drives innovative solutions. It fuels renewable energy advancements such as next-generation solar panels, hydrogen fuel cells, and energy-dense batteries that stabilize grids by storing clean energy. Furthermore, chemical processes support carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies, converting carbon emissions into valuable resources like fuels and building materials. Green chemistry pushes sustainability further by designing eco-friendly products and processes. It promotes biodegradable plastics, non-toxic chemical alternatives, and sustainable farming practices that reduce carbon footprints. Innovations in chemical recycling are advancing circular economies by repurposing waste materials rather than polluting ecosystems. Chemistry also strengthens forest climate strategies by monitoring carbon sequestration, analysing soil fertility, and assessing forest health. Understanding wildfire chemistry aids in developing better fire retardants and treatments to combat increasingly intense fires. Ultimately, combating climate change requires collaboration between science, policy, and industry. When chemists, policymakers, and businesses work together, they drive impactful innovations like renewable fuels, plastic recycling, and energy-efficient processes—crucial to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and conserving natural resources. Chemistry is a catalyst for a sustainable future.

Keywords: climate change solutions chemistry

Advanced Intelligent Synthesis Platform Empowered by High-Precision Instrumentation

Xuefeng Jiang^1*

¹School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

*Email: xfjiang@chem.ecnu.edu.cn

Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) is ushering in a paradigm shift in chemistry. Digital chemistry, which integrates automated equipment, machine learning algorithms, and big data applications, bridges digital technologies with practical chemistry to accelerate the discovery of new compound.^[1] We have overcome key bottlenecks in photo- and electro- sciences, particularly in scale-process, addressing challenges in photocatalyst recovery, multiphase catalysis, and heterogeneous photocatalyst immobilization. 1) Based on the Beer-Lambert law, the inverse square law, and Lambert’s cosine law, the synergistic relationship between reaction systems and light sources has been established.^[2] Fundamental principles for photoreactor have been proposed, emphasizing stability, reproducibility, parameter adjustability, precise thermal and mass transfer, and accurate functional integration.^[3] 2) Through advancements in constant-pressure and constant-current switching, we have resolved electrode surface deposition effects via program-controlled phase-shift alternating current, enabling the introduction of diverse waveforms for current and voltage. These advancements in the standardization and precision of synthetic instruments have transformed data into massive and precise, driving automation and intelligent synthesis in synthetic chemistry, materials science, and drug discovery.^[4]

Keywords: high-precision instruments, intelligent platforms, photo/electro-catalysis, big data.

References:

1. Rizvi Syed Aal e Ali, Jiaolong Meng, Muhammad Ehtisham Ibraheem Khan, Xuefeng Jiang*. Machine Learning Advancements in Organic Synthesis: A Focused Exploration of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Chemistry. Artificial Intelligence Chemistry 2024, 2, 100049.
2. Rizvi Syed Aal e Ali, Jiaolong Meng, Xuefeng Jiang*. Multimode Photo-CSTR Setup for Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Processes. Org. Pro. Res. Dev. 2024, 28(5), 1683.
3. Rizvi Syed Aal e Ali, Yilin Zhou, Kai Gong, Xuefeng Jiang*. Parallel Photoreactor Development with Enhanced Photon Efficiency and Reproducibility Based on Laws of Optics. Green Synthesis and Catalysis 2023, 4(2), 169.
4. Jiaolong Meng, Yilin Zhou, Daoji Li, Xuefeng Jiang*. Degradation of Plastic Wastes to Commercial Chemicals and Monomers under Visible Light. Science Bulletin 2023, 68(14), 1522.

Green Chemistry in Education: A Model for Sustainable Chemistry Teacher Training and Curriculum Innovation

Mageswary Karpudewan

School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia

*Corresponding author:kmageswary@usm.my

Abstract

Chemistry is often regarded as the "mother of all sciences" because it forms the foundation for various industrial and manufacturing sectors. Advancements in chemistry have significantly contributed to medical breakthroughs, extending human longevity, and have played a crucial role in engin eering innovations that enhance the quality of life. However, traditional chemistry relies heavily on hazardous and harmful substances, leading to adverse consequences for human health and the environment. If these challenges are not addressed at an early stage, they can result in long-term social and economic problems.

Green Chemistry, which emerged in the 1990s as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemistry, has been increasingly adopted by industries to minimize environmental impact. While the widespread application of Green Chemistry principles in industries is commendable, integrating Green Chemistry into the education system—starting from high school—can create a strong foundation for students to understand chemistry in relation to environmental, economic, and societal sustainability.

In this context, teacher education and training play a vital role in fostering sustainable chemistry education. Introducing pre-service and in-service chemistry teachers to Green Chemistry and equipping them with pedagogical strategies to teach chemistry through a sustainability lens can facilitate the transition from conventional to sustainable chemistry at the school level. This presentation highlights various initiatives undertaken at the School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, to educate and train chemistry student teachers in Green Chemistry. These efforts are expected to provide a model for others to adopt and implement similar approaches within their own educational contexts.

Keywords: Green Chemistry in Education; Model; Pedagogy; Teacher Training

Strengthening Chemical Security: From Policy to Practice

Raja Subramaniam

Undersecretary, National Authority for Chemical Weapon Convention of Malaysia

*Corresponding author: sraja@kln.gov.my

Abstract

In an era of evolving chemical threats, chemical security has become a vital pillar of national strategy essential to mitigating risks and safeguarding communities. This keynote address will explore the critical connection between chemical security and a nation’s preparedness to withstand, respond to, and recover from both intentional and accidental chemical incidents.

The speech will underscore the importance of robust national implementation frameworks, effective interagency coordination, dynamic public-private partnerships, enabling tools, and strategic human capital development. Grounded in international obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and shaped by national best practices, it will outline key strategies for managing dual-use risks, securing chemical supply chains, and embedding chemical safety and security into broader national resilience planning.

Drawing on real-world case studies and forward-looking insights, the keynote will advocate for a whole-of-government approach to building a resilient, adaptive, and future-ready chemical security architecture.

Keywords: chemical security, Chemical Weapons Convention, dual-use chemicals

References

1. Chemical Weapons Convention